Skipping Chapter 8, Chapter 9

Week 3 Day 1 TEST DAY

Week 3 - Day 2

First out of class assignment due soon

Skip Readings...

Chapter 10

Moral Development 336-339
Some Common Problems of Development 352-end of chapter

Chapter 11

Puberty: The physical transition 363-368
Sex Differences in mental ability 388-390

Chapter 12

Problems of development 421-end

Notes Chapter 10

Competence / Industry v inferiority -- competition in school-age children
6 Years to puberty
Child wants to work on their own
Learning on their own
School
"What is an inferiority complex
* Industry
Developing sense of competence at useful skills
school provides opportunities
* Inferiority
Pessimism and lack of confidence in own ability to do things well
Family environment, teachers, and peers can contribute to negative feelings
Self-Esteem
* Academic
* Social competence
* Physical/athletic competence
* Physical appearance
failure in sports doesn't affect self-esteem
Much misinterpretation of Erikson due to self-esteem point
What influence self-esteem
* Culture
Child-rearing processes
Attributions (mastery-oriented, learned helplessness)
Demand v responsive chart and parenting styles
Auth, Auth, Perm, Uninvolved
Achievement-related attributions
- Reason for success Reason for failure
Mastery Ability Controllable by working hard
Learned helplessness External factors Ability - cannot be changed
Some encourage learned helplessness because it feels kinder to the child
story about japanese students working together - teacher stands in front of room, students stand as they finish and help each other. one struggling the most comes up front in non-punitive way
LH - women in math
resilience - kids keep trying to improve
Waiting to teach resilience doesn't help since grades continually get more difficult
Influences on Achievement-related attributions
Parents
too-high standards
believe child incapable
trait statements
Teachers
Learning v perofrmance goals
Gender influences
SES, ethnicity
* Don't make trait statements (you did something stupid, not you are stupid, lazy etc) (I know you can do better)
Changes in self-concept during middle childhood
More balanced, less all-or-none desciprionts
Social comparisons
ideal vs real self
* Parenting role on self-esteem
Authoritative style best
American culture values focus on self, can lead to overindulgence
Paradox: less achievement behaviors, more antisocial behaviors
Unjustified,unwarranted feedback results in unwanted behaviors

Week 3 Day 3

2nd assignment details: DUE JULY 13

Every generation thinks the world is going to hell based on the next generation
Write a paper about any difference between adolescence and young adults (18-30) and some possible reasons for this difference between previous generations and today
Explain difference and where it is coming from - restaurants are scared
Research on narcissism -- higher currently over previous generations
2 pages - double spaced and typed style doesn't matter, just content and it's clear with what the research is showing
3 Sources

Chapter 10 Notes, continued

Bullies and Victims
Bullies Victims
NOT low self-esteem
MOST are boys Passive when active behavior is expected
Physically, relationally aggressive Give in to demands
High-status, powerful Lack defenders
Popular Inhibited temperament
*Most eventually become disliked Physically frail
Friendships in middle childhood
Personal qualities, trust become important
More selective in choosing friends (choose friends similar to self)
Friendships can last several years (type of friends influences development, aggressive friends often magnify antisocial acts)
Gender typing in middle childhood
Gender stereotypes (extend to include personality and school subjects; more flexible about what males and female can actually do)
Gender identity 3rd-4th grade (boys strengthen identification with masculine traits; girls' identification with feminine traits declines)
Cultural and social factors
Gender Identity
Self-evaluations affect adjustment (Gender typicality, gender contentedness, felt pressure to conform to gender role
Racial Bias by 4th grade (fig in book)
* Subconscious racial bias in 4th graders
Reducing Prejudice
Long-term intergroup contact (neighborhoods, schools, communities)
Foster belief in changeability of human traits
Volunteering

Week 3 Day 4

Chapter Notes

Adolescence Videos
Sometimes the best way to learn about them is to listen to them!
Sometimes, parents and other adults need to reflect on how real adolescents act in real situations
While adolescents are getting more intelligent, they sometimes make poor choices
The relationship between intelligence and emotions in adolescence needs to be understood
* Michael the omnibus prodigy discovery video
Formal Operations
Last stage of Piaget's theory
Abstract thinking
Idealism is common as adolescents begin to think about abstract concepts like honor or trust (result in increased conflict in and outside home)
* Hypothetical-deductive reasoning
Develop and test hypotheses, deduce best was to solve problems
Adolescents start to do this more and more often
Can result in increased conflict in and outside of the home
Adolescent Egocentrism
Piaget agreed with others that children spend a great deal of time thinking about themselves
Results in demonstrating egocentrism again
Two types of social thinking
Imaginary audience (believe others as interested in them as they are in themselves) -- drop me off here mom
Personal fable (sense of personal uniqueness and invulnerability)
Information Processing
Ability improves in adolescence
Areas of improvement (Memory, decision making, critical thinking)
Information processing
Increased decision making
Older adolescents better than younger adolescents at decision making
Adolescent decision making linked to some personality traits
Changes related to opportunities adolescents have to practice and discuss realistic decision making
The American Middle School
Transition
Can be stressful
Occus during time of many changes
Puberty
Cognitive Development
Changing relationship with parents
Top-dog phenomenon
Effective Middle Schools
Develop smaller schools
Lower student-to-counselor ratios
involve parents and community leaders
Develop effective curricula in literacy, sciences, health, ethics, and citizenship
Team-teaching in integrated curriculum
More health and fitness programs
Current trends?
Extracurricular activities
Involvement associated with
Batter academic adjustment
Superior psychological competencies
Positive peer relations
Countering negative expenses
American High School
Many graduates poorly prepared for college and modern workplace
Recommended changes
More emphasis on knowledge and skills
Higher expectations for students
Part-time work opportunities in high-quality work experiences, shorter work hours
High School Dropouts
Serious educational, societal problem
Adults with educational deficiencies
Affects economic and social well-being
Overall rates declined in 21st century
Native Americans may have highest rate; latino rate also remains high
Males more likely to drop out than females
Causes
School-related
Don't like school; suspended, expelled
Economic and family-related
Low SES more t o help support families
Peer-related
Personal Reasons
Pregnancy or marriage
Reducing dropout rate
Provide effect programs in
early reading and tutoring
Counseling and mentoring
Create caring environment
Offer community service opportunities
Career Development
Crystallization 14-18 - Develop ideas about work w/self concept
Specification 18-22 - choices narrow, enter career
Implementation 21-24 - compete education/training; enter world of work
Stabilization 25-35 - decide specific/appropriate career
Consolidation 35+ - Seek advancement, high status
Holland's Personality-Type theory
Make effort to match individual to career
Matching personality to career promotes happiness, longevity in workplace
Six main personality types
Realistic - Masculine traits, construction, labor, farming
Intellectual - Thinkers - math, science
Social - Feminine - Teaching, social work, counseling
Conventional - Structure - bank teller, clerk, secretary
Enterprising - Verbal/dominating - Politics, sales, management
Artistic - Expressive - Art, writing
Exploration, decision making, planning
Important roles in adolescents' choices
Approached with ambiguity, uncertainty, and stress
Many adolescents...
receive little direction from school guidance counselors
Do not know what information to seek and how to seek it
Work:
Sociocultural context of work
3/4 high school seniors have had work experience
Most work 16-20h/w
in service jobs
Males work longer and paid more
Pros/cons of part-time work
Pros
- Understand how business world works
- Learn how to get and keep job
- Manage money
- Budget time
- Take pride in their accomplishments
- Evaluate goals
Cons
- Little on-job training, distanced to adult coworkers
- Give up sports
- Miss sleep, social affairs with friends
- More stress to life
- Lower grades

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Week 1