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Mangrove Ecosystems

Beschreibung

Mindmap am Mangrove Ecosystems, erstellt von AceJY am 16/06/2014.
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Mindmap von AceJY, aktualisiert more than 1 year ago
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Zusammenfassung der Ressource

Mangrove Ecosystems
  1. Mangrove species are salt-tolerant tropical or subtropical plants which grow in condition that most plants are unable to. They grow in tidal mud on sheltered coasts. Mostly found along low-lying coats & river estuaries with muddy & waterlogged land
    1. Distribution
      1. LATITUDE - Btw 23.5N & 23.5S. - HEMISPHERE - Btw Tropic of Cancer & Tropic of Capricorn - CONTINENTS: Central America, Africa - COUNTRIES - Malay Penisula, Borneo New Guinea, Australia.
      2. Environmental Conditions Affecting Growth (Adaptation)
        1. AERIAL ROOTS - enable mangroves to take in oxygen in waterlogged condition. Some mangroves develop stilt/prop roots to anchor firmly in the soft, muddy ground, ensuring that the trees will not be uprooted. EG: Pencil roots, Sonneratia - Prop/Stilt roots, Rhizophora - Kneed roots, Bruguiera
          1. JAVELIN-SHAPED FRUITS - Pierce the soft mud to germinate & grow into a sapling immediately.
            1. BUOYANT FRUITS - Float away & germinate in other coastal areas
              1. UNDERSIDE OF LEAVES - Secrete excess salt
                1. Horizontal Zonation
                  1. SEAWARD FRONT(Coastal Zone) - subject to regular strong effects of tides & sediment changes. MAINTAIN STABILITY - Pencil roots, Sonneratia, Avicennia
                    1. MIDDLE ZONE - Mangroves species are more dense & varieties. MAINTAIN - Sedimentation is important for them to maintain greater heights. EG: Prop roots, Rhizophoro
                      1. INLAND ZONE - Submerged by tides for days MAINTAIN - Kneed roots, Bruguiera to trap soil (nutrients) between their roots.
                    2. Benefits
                      1. STABILISING SHORELINES - Dense network of roots absorb wave energy, slowing down flow of water. Sediments built up.
                        1. PROTECT COASTLINES - Dense network of roots & built-up sediments protect coasts from erosion. EG Indian Ocean mangroves protect from tsunamis
                          1. BREEDING GROUNDS & HABITAT - Barnacles, oysters & sponges anchor on aerial roots; Shrimps, crabs, lobsters forage for food btw roots, Fish breed nearby
                            1. FUEL, CONSTRUCTION & CHARCOAL- EG: Indonesia, India, Pakistan cut mangrove leaves to feed sheep, goats, camels
                              1. IMPROVE WATER QUALITY - Mangrove roots accumulates sediments which purify water
                              2. PRESSURE
                                1. DEMAND FOR FUEL WOOD & CHARCOAL - Reduces fish breeding grounds. Coasts become more open to storm waves EG: Indonesia
                                  1. NEED FOR MORE FARMING AREAS (Shrimps farms & Paddy field) - Coasts become more vulnerable EG: Thailand, Vietnam
                                    1. LAND RECLAMATION - Mangrove largely disappear. Coastal waters are polluted from human activities.
                                      1. WATER POLLUTION (Untreated waste from urban areas)- Overwhelm balance of mangrove ecosystem
                                        1. RISING SEA LEVEL - Mangrove have trouble colonising areas further inland. EG: Gulf of Thailand
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