Second Language Acquisition

W-APT
1. Proficiency test for ELLs
2. 6 steps
  1. 1 - Entering
  2. 2 - Beginning
  3. 3 - Developing
  4. 4 - Expanding
  5. 5 - Bridging
  6. 6 - Reaching
    1. At this point, a student tests out of an ESL program
3. Combines with CAN DO descriptors
  1. Helps a teacher know what they can expect from a student based off of their proficiency level
BICS vs. CALP
1. BICS: Basic Interpersonal Communicative Skills
  1. A student's fluency when speaking with friends in the classroom
  2. Can be picked up in 2 to 3 years
2. Jim Cummins
3. CALP: Cognitive Academic Language Proficiency
  1. A student's ability to read, write, and complete academic work at the proficiency level of their grade
  2. Takes about 5-7 years to be at the same level as their peers
  3. Many teachers are confused why their students can communicate verbally well, but struggle in the classroom. The difference between CALP and BICS is the reason why there seems to be a disconnect. Therefore, teachers should be more patient with their students as they are catching up on the CALP for their grade level.
Critical Period Hypothesis
1. Eric Lenneberg
2. A second language is best learned between the age of 2 and puberty
3. The ability to learn a second language is negatively affected once lateralization is complete
  1. Lateralization is when the two sides of the brain develop separate functions
4. Young learners are actually NATIVE SPEAKERS of both languages learned before the age of 5
Stages of Second Language Acquisition
1. Preproduction
  1. Silent period; Students understand more than they produce
  2. Teachers should not force students to speak, but rather should ask the learner to draw or point out things
2. Early Speech Production
  1. Students can produce one or two words at a time; they start to learn phrases
  2. The teacher should ask the student either yes/no questions or either/or questions.
3. Speech Emergence
  1. The student speaks in phrases, makes a lot of errors, and even mixes languages together
  2. The teacher should ask the student WH questions (what, who, where, why)
4. Intermediate Fluency
  1. The student appears orally fluent, but still struggles with reading and writing
  2. The teacher should modify higher level questions to be accessible to the student
Universal Grammar
1. Noam Chomsky
2. All languages rest on the same building blocks; nouns, verbs, adjectives, etc.
3. Teachers could use this theory to aid ELLs in learning English by helping their students to understand the grammatical differences between their home language and English
Input Hypothesis
1. Stephen Krashen
2. Everyone acquires language the same way, through pictures and our understanding of the world
3. If we understand the message that someone is trying to get across, we learn the words/language they were using faster
4. Teachers can use this theory by using models, pointing to objects, and even labelling things around their classroom in different languages

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Second Language Acquisition

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	Erstellt von Rebecca Guy vor mehr als 8 Jahre