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LA Intro

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LA Intro
  1. DEFINITION
    1. Anesthesia - Insensitivity to pain, especially as artificially induced by the administration of gases or the injection of drugs before surgical operations
    2. TYPES
      1. Local
        1. Regional
          1. General
          2. INDICATION
            1. Topical anesthesia
              1. anesthetize the skin, mucous membranes or cornea
                1. absorption when the mucosa is dried
                  1. Comes as form of solution, ointment, cream or spray
                  2. Others (Eg. Iontophoresis)
                    1. small electric current to force molecules of the anesthesia into the tissue
                      1. Does not need injection
                        1. Can be used for child
                        2. Injection
                          1. Infiltration
                            1. Most common
                              1. injected directly into subcutaneous tissue just under the skin
                                1. Epinephrine can be added to decrease dosage and prolong its duration of action
                                2. Regional nerve block
                                  1. Blocks the conductivity of sensory nerves
                                    1. • injected into or adjacent to a peripheral nerve or nerve plexus
                                3. MECHANISM
                                  1. Local anesthetic will bind to a receptor inside the sodium channels and antagonize it
                                    1. closing the sodium channels
                                      1. nerve membrane become less permeable to sodium
                                        1. prevent depolarization and nerve activity
                                          1. patient will not feel any pain
                                          2. COMPONENTS
                                            1. Local anesthetic drug
                                              1. Vasoconstrictor drug
                                                1. Preservative for vasoconstrictor drug
                                                  1. Sodium chloride
                                                    1. Distilled water
                                                      1. General preservatives
                                                      2. CONTRAINDICATIONS
                                                        1. Diabetics
                                                          1. Uncontrolled hypertension
                                                            1. Pregnancy (1st and 2nd trimester)
                                                            2. Commonly used LAs
                                                              1. Lidocaine
                                                                1. Mepivacaine
                                                                  1. Prilocaine
                                                                    1. Bupivicaine
                                                                      1. Articaine
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