Approaches and Methodologies in ESL

Cognitive Approach
1. Learner-centered focus on explicit teaching of learning strategies in communicative ways
  1. CALLA Method
    1. Developmentally appropriate language instruction
    2. Intentional focus on CALP development in L1 and L2 as related to content areas
    3. Focus on prior knowledge
    4. Explicit instruction in the following learning strategies: ---Metacognitive ----Cognitive ----Social/affective
Grammatical Approach
1. Teacher-centered emphasis on the rules and structure of target language
  1. Grammar-Translation Method
    1. More emphasis on development of reading, writing, and grammar
    2. Less emphasis on oral language development
    3. Rules of grammar are taught holistically
  2. Direct Method
    1. Focus on total immersion in L2
    2. No use of L1 allowed in the classroom
    3. Involves an open-ended response to materials the teacher brings into the classroom
  3. Audiolingual Method
    1. Grammar structures are carefully sequenced and taught
    2. Minimal use of L1
    3. Emphasizes error correction, drills, and repetitive practice
Communicative Approach
1. Student-centered emphasis on communication and meaningful acquisition of knowledge
  1. Silent way
    1. Teacher modeling/talk
    2. seldom content based
    3. Reinforcement through repetition/signals
  2. Natural Way Method
    1. Minimal error correction/production
    2. Acceptance of students' L1
    3. Stresses Comprehensible input
    4. Not necessarily content-based
  3. Suggestopedia
    1. Emphasis on relaxed physical setting
    2. Not necessarily content-based
    3. Minimal error correction
    4. Use of L1 for explanations
  4. Intergrated content-based
    1. Emphasizes L2 development
    2. Subject area integrated into thematic units
    3. Focus on content and language integration
  5. Sheltered Instruction Method
    1. Visuals, cooperative learning, and guarded vocabulary
    2. Grade-level modified curriculum
    3. scaffolded instruction
Information taken from: Herrera, S. G. (2011). Mastering ESL and bilingual methods: differentiated instruction for culturally and linguistically diverse (CLD) students. Boston: Allyn & Bacon.

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Approaches and Methodologies in ESL

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