Chapter 8: Communicative Competence

1. Coined by Dell Hymes (1972)
   1. Refers to our competence that enables to convey/interpret/negotiate any messages within contexts.
2. Proposed by James Cummins (1979,1980)
   1. Basic interpersonal communicative skills. (BICS ) also known as context-embedded
      1. Communicative capacity we use in daily lives for interpersonal exchanges.
      2. Language used in friendly/casual exchanges
         1. informal settings
         2. often with friends/peers
         3. Slang/conversational metaphors
            1. Ex: (a) Hey what's wrong? Are you ok? (b) Nothing...I'm fine or (a) Eat my dust, loser!
   2. Cognitive/academic language proficiency (CALP) also known as context-reduced
      1. More sophisticated or formal usage of language.
         1. Eamples
            1. Manage classrooms ("Please be seated!", "Ali come to the front and write down you answer."
            2. Convey information academically ("The following data analysis indicated that....")
            3. Frame test questions like objective questions ('According to the reading passage, do you feel John is (a) guilty (b) innocent? Choose (a) or (b).
            4. Engage in classroom discourse ('I see you poijnt, but I think...")

1. Four components in relation to CC
   1. 1. Grammatical Competence
      1. Knowledge of lexical items (rules of morphology, syntaxm sentence-grammar semantics and phonology.)
   2. 2. Discourse Competence
      1. Ability to connect sentences in stretches of discourse and to form a meaningful utterances. (articles,books,journals)
   3. Sociolinguistic competence
      1. ability to follow sociocultural rules of language. Understand social context, participants' roles, interactions
   4. Strategic Competence
      1. Ability to use verbal/nonverbal communicative techniques.
         1. Manipulate the language in order to meet our communication goals. Ex: politicians, salesperson.

1. Lyle Bachman (1990)
   1. Language Competence (with strategic competence as an 'executive function)
      1. (A) Organization Competence
         1. 1.Grammatical Competence
         2. 2. Discourse Competence)
      2. (B) Pragmatic Competence
         1. 3. Illocutionary (Functions of language)
         2. 4. Sociolinguistics

1. Functions and Forms work hand in hand
   1. Functions: The purposes that we accomplish with language eg: stating, requesting, greeting etc
   2. Forms: morphemes, words, grammar rules, discourse rules
2. Speech Acts / Communicative Acts
   1. An utterance defined by the speaker's intention and the effect it has on the listener
   2. 6 Components of Speech Acts (Hymes 1974)
      1. 1. Sender 2. Message Channel 3. Language form 4. topic 5. receiver 6. context
   3. 3 different meanings of Speech Acts (Austin 1962)
      1. Locutionary Meaning
         1. Basic or literal meaning of utterances/written texts
      2. Illocutionary Force
         1. The intended effect on the hearer/reader
      3. Prelocutionary Force
         1. The actual effect the utterance has on the hearer

Anmerkungen:

• -These functions overlaps  -Narrowed down to  1. Apologizing and thanking 2.Complaning politely 3. Confirming and correcting 4. Expressing a wish; making suggestions 5. Giving advice 6. Giving commands 7. Making small talk

1. 1. Instrumental
2. 2. Regulatory
3. 3. Representational
4. 4. Interactional
5. 5. Personal
6. 6. Heuristic
7. 7. Imaginative

1. Notional-Functional Syllabuses / Functional Syllabuses
   1. 1. Introducing self and other people 2. Providing personal information 3. Identifying and describing people 4. Acceptiing and declining an invitation 5. Ordering from a menu 6. Giving directions 7. Booking travel services
   2. Eclectic blend of interactive group work, grammar, vocab, pronunciation, listening, writing

1. Linguistics research that utilizes computer analyses of language

1. Kinesics
   1. Body movements and gestures regarded as a form of non-verbal communication
      1. Shoulder shrug
         1. Shows that a person does not know or understand what you are talking about
      2. Rubbing thumb and index finger
         1. signs of money
2. Eye Contact
   1. Oculesics
      1. The study of eye movement, eye behavior, gaze, and eye-related nonverbal communication
3. Facial Expressions
   1. One or more motions or positions of the muscles beneath the skin of the face which convey the emotional state of an individual.
4. Proxemics
   1. The branch of knowledge that deals with the amount of space that people feel it necessary to set between themselves and others.
5. Artifacts
   1. clothing, jewellery & ornamentation signals a person's sense of Self-Esteem, Socioeconomic Class & Character.
   2. a significant factor in lifting barrier, identifying certain personality characteristics.
6. Kinesthetics
   1. also called Haptics, signals a very personal or intimate style (in some cultures)!
      1. Knowing the limits is important for clear & unambiguous communication!
7. Olfactory Dimensions
   1. natural human odors; perspiration is deemed undesirable!
      1. accepted or even attractive in some societies.

1. Participation Framework
2. Register
3. Speech Act
4. Selection of forms in Modes of Meaning
5. Turn-Taking
6. Repair
7. Boundaries

1. Interaction between form and function
2. String of words that extends beyonds the sentence.

1. Attention Getting
2. Topic Nomination
3. Turn-Taking
4. Topic Clarification
5. Repair
6. Shifting,Avoiding & Interrupting
7. Topic Termination

1. Oratorical
2. Deliberative
3. Consultative
4. Casual
5. Intimate/Personal

1. Constrastive Rhetoric
2. Intercultural Rhetoric

1. Sociopragmatic
   1. Interface between pragmatic & social organization
2. pragmalinguistic
3. Address
4. Apologizing, complimenting, face-saving
5. Expressing Gratitude
6. Cooperation
7. Politeness

1. Sexist language
   1. Language demeaning to one gender
2. Man vs Woman

1. Best understood as an Approach, broadly based theoratical positions about the nature of language & of language learning & teaching.
2. serves a useful function as an UMBRELLA term to capture the essence of classroom methodological approach designed to improve students ability to communicate.
3. 4 Interconnected Characteristics of CLT
   1. Classroom goals are focused on all of the components of CC, not restricted to grammatical / linguistic competence
   2. Language techniques; engage learner in the pragmatic, authentic, functional use of language for meaningful purpose.
   3. fluency & accuracy: complementary principles underlying communicative techniques,
      1. fluency can take more importance than accuracy, to keep learners meaningfully engaged in language use.
   4. students ultimately have to use language, productively & receptively (in unrehearsed contexts)
4. a great deal of authentic language is implied, as fluence is built (Littlewood, 2011)
5. mushrooming capabilty of technology can come to the aid of teachers to center on "unrehearsed" communicative contexts

1. emphasize classroom interaction, learner-centered teaching, authenticity, learner's own experience is important contributor to learning
2. draws the attention of teachers & learners to tasks in the classroom.
3. TASK
   1. an activity or a related set of techniques in which
      1. meaning is primary
      2. there is a problem to solve
      3. a relationship to real-world activities
      4. an objective that can be assessed in terms of an outcome
   2. Target TASKS - uses of languages in the world beyond the classroom
   3. Pedagogical TASKS - those that occurs in the classroom
      1. Map-oriented problem solving task
         1. teacher-initiated schema setting comment
         2. a review of appropriate grammar/vocabulary useful for the task
         3. pair/group work to propose & discuss solutions
         4. a whole-class reporting procedure
4. urges teachers, to focus on many of the communicative factors
5. in order to accomplish a task,
   1. organizational competence
   2. illocutionary competence - to convey intended meaning
   3. strategic competence - choose linguistic options & repair attempts to communicate
   4. interactional competence, pragmatics, nonverbal ability