Zusammenfassung der Ressource
Motivation
- IS defined as the process that initiates, guides and maintains goal-oriented behaviors. What causes to act.
- Components to motivation
- Activation: to initiate a behavior
- Persistance: continued effored
- Intensity: concentration/ power that goes for the goal
- Extrinsic vs. intrinsic motivation
- Arise from outside and involves rewards in the end.
- strudy = great grade
- sport = win awards
- Act for the sake of the activity alone
- Personally reward
- sport = enjoyable
- playing game = fun and exciting
- Rewards do not deacrese intrinsic motivation
- Positive praise and feedback improves intrinsic motivation.
- Intrinsic motivation will decrease, wehn ext. rewards are given for specific task or doing minimal work
- Theories of Motivation
- Instinct Theory
- Evolutionary programmed to do so.
- Incentive Theory
- Motivated due to the external rewards
- Drive Theory
- Motivated in order to reduce the internal tension.
- Good for biological components; hunger and thirst
- Arousal Theory
- Take actions to increase or decrease levels of arousal
- Humanistic Theory
- Strong cognitive reasons to perform actions.
- Classical Theories
- Maslow's hierarchy of need
- Divided into two groups
- higher -order
- Lower-order
- Different people is driven by diff. need.
- McGregor's X and Y Theory
- Herzberg's two factor
- Hygiene factors
- maintenance factors for avoiding dissatisfaction
- not long-term and not motivators.
- pay,, benefits and job security.
- Motivational factors
- Satisfiers, factors for superior performance.
- praise, growth opportunities, responsibility and meaning.
- Modern Theories
- ERG Theory
- Existence need
- basic material need
- Growth needs
- self-development and personal growth
- Relatedness needs
- aspiration individuals - family, peers or superiors.
- vs. Maslow's is rigid; individual can't move to above needs if the lower-need is not satisfied
- ERG is flexible, however manager's have to concentrate on one need at the time.
- McClelland's Theory
- Goal Setting
- Reinforcement Theory
- Expectancy Theory