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Britain 1905-1918
- A study of poverty in 1901 by Seebohm Rowntree found that in a society where those who didn't work didn't
eat, there were three times in people's lives when they were especially vulnerable: as a young child, when
they were old, and when they were sick or unemployed
- After 1906, the Liberal government, with Lloyd George as Chancellor of the Exchequer, introduced reforms to help these three groups: Children In 1906 local authorities were allowed to
provide free school meals. The 1908 Children and Young Persons Act introduced a set of regulations that became known as the Children's Charter. This imposed severe punishments for
neglecting or treating children cruelly. Separate juvenile courts were set up, which sent children convicted of a crime to borstals, instead of prison. Old age In 1908 pensions were introduced
for the over 70s, which gave them 5s a week, or 7s 6d to a married couple. Old people cried as they collected their pensions, and said: 'God bless Lloyd George'. Workers In 1909 labour
exchanges were set up to help unemployed people find work. The 1911 National Insurance Act was passed.
- Why did the Liberal government introduce these reforms? Seebohm Rowntree's study of York in 1901 found that 28 per cent of
the population did not have the minimum to live on at some time of their life. The Boer War - when Britain went to war in 1899,
the army found that two-thirds of the men who volunteered for the army were unfit to join up. Germany - which had a good
system of state welfare for workers, was passing Britain as a great industrial power. Strikes, especially in 1910-12, and the
growth of trade unionism meant politicians feared that, unless standards of living improved for the workers, they might turn to
Communism or rebellion. The Labour Party was growing stronger and it was attracting working-class voters because of its
demands for welfare reform. In 1910, the Liberal Party did not get a majority of seats in the House of Commons, so it had a
coalition with the 42 Labour Party MPs who had been elected.
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