Zusammenfassung der Ressource
On Liberty
- The Harm Principle
- The only acceptable
ground for preventing
me from doing what I
want is if it is potential
harmful to others
- "Over himself, over his own body and
mind, the individual is sovereign"
- However, this only
applies to people who
are capable of learning
from discussion. it does
not include:
- Children
- Barbarians
- People with mental health issues
- Coercion towards an individual is
only acceptable when an individual
poses a threat to others
- Is there such a thing as a
self-regarding action?
- We are not isolated from society and so our
actions will always effect others
- Mill accounts for physical harm but not mental harm
- True freedom means persuing
one's own good in one's own way,
as long as it does not prevent
others from doing so
- Freedom of thought and opinion
- Freedom of tastes and persuits
- The freedom to unite with other consenting individuals for any purpose that does not harm others
- Mill is explicit in rejecting
that offence towards
others counts as harm
- You do not have to
approve of others'
lifestyle choices
- You are entitled to be disgusted
by the way that others live
- However, this is not enough to
justify any intervention forcing
someone to behave differently.
- Muslims may wish to ban the consumption of Pork because it is offends them
- A mark of a civilised society is
that it can tolerate diversity
- Some actions which cause harm should be
allowed as they may contribute more to the
general welfare of society than preventing it
- Economic competition may cause harm to some but
should be allowed because overall it benefits society
- An individual's liberty can be legitimately
restricted to prevent a crime
- Uncertainty of the situation makes it impossible to know beforehand that
he intends to engage in self-regarding conduct as opposed to conduct
harmful to others or unintentionally harmful to himself
- Poisonous chemicals: the state has the authority to take precautions such as registering the purchasers
- Special circumstances transform what would usually be a
self-regarding action into a harmful other-regarding one
- A drunkard who has previously been convicted of violence while drunk, it
would be appropriate to punish this person if he was found to be drunk again
- Society should enforce contracts that
consenting individuals agreed to
- If an individual no longer wishes to be part of the
contract, society should permit the person to be
released, although there should also be a moral
obligation from the other person to also do so
- Divorce
- In the case of voluntary slave contracts, non-enforcement is justified
- Any freedom to sell oneself would be self-defeating as by
choosing to be a slave one would give up all their liberty
- People should not be allowed to give up their basic liberty
- Certain actions effect other peoples' rights to liberty
- The state should be allowed to legislate compulsary education for children,
although allowing for different modes of education. To leave children
uneducated would be a crime against society and the child
- Soliciting of self-regarding acts should usually be
treated as a self-regarding act
- This is not the case when sellers / producers make it
their job to publically advertise / encourage
self-regarding acts which the majority disapproves
- Smoking
- Gamling
- Taxation of self-regarding conduct with the purpose of disouraging or
prohibiting it should not be allowed as it represents a punishment
- Alcohol
- Since it is not acceptable to punish a vice, it is
not acceptable to punish people for them either
- Liberty
- "protection against the
tyranny of political rules"
- People tried to limit
leader's power
- They gained
imunities
called 'rights'
- Constitutional
checks developed
- Later, it was not necessary to limit because
power became accountable to the people as
it reflected their interests and wills
- However, people with
power sometimes exercise it
over those without power
- The majority may try to
oppress a minority
- The Tyranny of the Majority
- Legal Tyranny
- When laws are imposed to
restrict what consenting
adults do in private
- Film censorship
- Homosexuality laws
- Smoking ban
- Fox hunting
- Prohibition
- Social Tyranny
- The way social pressures imposed by majority
views can prevent some people from carrying out
experiments of living, even though there is no law
which prohibits them from doing so
- The power of public opinion can
be more stifling to individuality
than a law might be
- There must be
protection against
prevailing public opinion
- Tyranny of the
majority leads to
collective mediocrity
- In America, the
whole white
population
- In England,
the whole
middle class
- Thought and Discussion
- The Infallibility Argument
- Those who silence
others assume their
own infallibility
- The Dead Dogma Argument
- If views are not
challenged they
will be held as
dead dogmas
and not living
truths
- The Partly True Argument
- Received opinion rarely
amounts to the whole truth on
any topic. Even views which are
considered false may contain
true elements which might
otherwise be lost.
- The Link With Action Argument
- Views which are
unchallenged lose
their power to stir
people into action
- Action
- Necessary for the
progression and
development
- Of society
- Genius
- Individuality is good because people learn something from non-conformists
- Geniuses can only flourish in individuality
- They bring new things to humanity
- They inject life into what is already there
- People require different atmospheres in
order to develop and reach their potentials
and a healthy society must make it possible
for people to follow more than one pattern
- "Geniuses can only breathe in an atmosphere of freedom"
- Yet even the most original thinkers and artists develop
the ideas of others within an inherited position
- James Fitzpatrick Stephen said that "a life
made up of danger, vicissitude, and exposure
is the sort of life which produces originality"
- Seeing peoples' dissimilarities is key in learning about
one's own weaknesses. Diversity also lets us see the
potential of combing positive traits of different people
- Europe's diversity of lifestyles and paths makes it
more progressive than conformist China
- Conformity leads to
social stagnation
- Of the individual
- Encourages one's
ability and
willingnesss to
obey social rules
and not harm
others
- Encourages one's
ability to think and
choose on the basis of
one's own character
- People should be trained as children in
the accumulated knowledge of human
experience but they should have the
freedomto interpret that experience as
they see fit when they are adults
- "Accepting
established
custom as a
guide on how to
live requires only
an ape-like ability
to imitate"
- Mill places an emphasis on the
process of making choices as only
people who make choices are
using all of their human faculties
- People have argued that Mill's
theory of individuality conflicts
with the social nature of culture
and tradition.
- People should evaluate the
culture around them, as the
individual's ability to think
and feel for themselves has:
- An element of originality
- A good sense of their own character
- A keen sense of morality
- Healthy self-esteem
- Strength of will to act as they choose
- It is a mistake to think that strong will is
dangerous or that it makes people less
likely to obey the rules
- The problem is not
strong desire but a
weak conciousness
- The development of the
conciousness is part of the
development of individuality.
- People can obey rules without individuality
- "But what will be their comparative worth as a human being?"
- Yet we are cultural; born and raised with
customs and traditions and these will
inevitably effect a part of someone's identity.
- But Mill never denies that custom and
tradition can be a part of someone's identity,
nor does he say that the development of
individuality must involve breaking custom
- We should not think that being within a
culture means the same for every individual
- Mill wants people to reflect
critically on customs and
traditions: we may freely choose to
live in a traditional or customary
way, because it suits us best
- Muslim girls deciding to wear the Hijab
- "Experiments of living"
- We must have the freedom to practice our abilities to think and
choose for ourselves in order to develop, which is helped by
social restraints placed upon people inclinations to be selfies
- There should be a
tolerance of diverse
ways of living up to
the point where the
individual makes
himself a "nuisance
to other people"
- The Authority of Society
- A social contract
- Society and the individual should each receive
control over that part of human life that it is
particularly interested in
- "Everyone who receives the
protection of society owes a
return for the benefit"
- Individuals must not injure
those interests of other
people that should be
considered rights
- Individuals must fairly share the
burden of defending society and
its members from injury
- Jury duty
- Voting
- Taxes
- Individuals may be censured by
opinion, but not by law, for harming
others whilst not violating their rights
- Society has authority over any aspect of
human behavior that "affects prejudicially the
interest of others"
- Mill rejects the idea of a social contract, but
since people receive the protection of society,
they owe certain conduct in return
- Paternalism
- Paternalism is forbidden because
everyone else's interests in or knowledge
about a particular person's wellbeing is
trifiling compared to the individual's own
interests and knowledge
- "All errors which he is likely to commit against advice and warning, are far outweighed
by the evil of allowing others to constrain him to what they deem is his good"
- Prohibition
- Banning recreation on the Sabbath
- It is allowed to point out a fault in another person's behaviour as
it is natural that people will find some activities to be distasteful
and will therefore judge that action to be inappropraite but he
should not be treated with anger or resentment, or seen as an
enemy, if he only engages in unpopular activities with himself
- Hunting
- Pornography
- Homosexuality
- No human is fully isolated and actions can
create bad examples and may diminish
community rescources or harm those who
depend on a person
- The action itself is not punishable
but the consequences are
- Society has a person's entire childhood to
nurture values; if a person fails to accept those
values, it is society's own fault.
- If an action is harmful then people will see its negative
effects and this should be enough of an example to
them of why they should not act in such a way
- If an individual is unable to pay his debts
due to an extravagant lifestyle, Mill says
such behavior is subject to punishment
because the person has failed to fulfill a
duty to his creditors. However, the person
cannot be punished for the extravagance
itself. This means that if the person has
no family or debt, then the Harm Principle
would have no reason to curb his excess.
- Mill leaves his argument
open for critique by basing it
on what is 'natural' for
humans to do