Early theories in SLA

BEHAVIOURISM
1. a theory taken from psychology
  1. a theory of animal and human behaviour
    1. Pavlov's experiments with dogs
      1. the concept of operant and behavioral conditioning
2. all learning is seen as the acqisition of a new behaviour
3. the environment is the most important factor in learning
4. learning consists of developing responses to environmental stimuli
5. to learn L2 one must imitate correct models repeatedly
6. active participation by the learners is crucial element of the process
7. is linked to Structural Linguistics
  1. language is based on a finite set of predictable patterns
8. a L2 learner's task is imitation and internalization of patterns
9. several constructs not directly observable: conditioning, reinforcement, punishment
10. transfer - learners relied on the L1 used in attempting to produce the L2
  1. positive: wherever languages are similar
  2. negative: wherever comparable structures are different
11. interference
  1. errors as a result of L1 interference
    1. repetition of correct models to overcome the errors
12. implications of the relation between the L1 and the L2
  1. the primary source of learner difficulty and error
  2. difference is related to difficulty
13. benefits for language teaching
  1. provision of correct models
  2. massive repetition without learner's reflection
  3. avoidance of error
  4. provision of consistent feedback
14. the conclusions of the theory
  1. 1. Exposure to input is necessary for SLA
  2. 2. A good deal of SLA happens incidentally
  3. 3. Second language learning is variable in its outcome
MONITOR THEORY
1. created by Stephen Krashen
2. one of the 5 main hypotheses of Krashen's Theory of SLA
3. it explains the relationship between acquisition and learning
4. it defines the influence of the latter on the former
5. the monitoring function is the practical result of the learned grammar
6. the acquisition system is the utterance initiator, the learning system performs the role of the 'monitor' or the 'editor'
7. 3 conditions for the 'monitor' function
  1. 1. The SL learner has sufficient time at their disposal
  2. 2. They focus on form or think about correctness
  3. 3. They know the rule
8. limited role of the monitor
9. the variation of L learners using the 'monitor'
  1. over-users
  2. under-users
  3. optimal users

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Early theories in SLA

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