Zusammenfassung der Ressource
ROUTES: ENTERAL
- Enteral: refers to anything
involving the alimentary tract,
i.e., from the mouth to the
rectum
- Dosage forms
- Tablets
- Hard formulations in which the drug and
other ingredients are machine compressed
under high pressure into a shape
- Sugar coated: coated with a sugar glaze
- Film coated: coated with a non-sweat coating
- Multiple compressed tablets: contain one drug in an inner layer and
another drug around it as an outer layer. Can also have the two layers
adjacent to each other.
- Repeat action: Release one dose of the drug and
then release a second dose sometime later
- Chewable
- Effervescent: designed to breakdown
when in contact with water or other
liquids which will cause it to dissolve.
- Capsules
- Drugs and other ingredients in a gelatin shell
- Gelatin shell dissolves in the stomach and the freed contents must still
undergo disintegration and dissolution before the drug is absorbed into
the circulatory system
- Bulk powders
- Contain the active drug in a small
powder paper or foil envelope
- Patient empties the envelope into a glass
of water or juice and drinks the contents
- Most of the drug and ingredients dissolve
in the water before the patient takes it
- Solutions
- Clear liquid made up of one or more
ingredients dissolved in a solvent
- Aqueous solutions are the most common oral solution
- Aqueous means that water was used as the solvent
- Suspensions
- Formulations in which the drug does not
completely dissolve in the solvent. The drug
particles are suspended in the formulation.
- Sweetened and flavored
- Elixirs
- Clear, sweetened liquid
- Less sweet and thick than syrups
- Syrups
- Solutions of sucrose (sugar) in water
- Thicker than water and contains less than 10% alcohol
- Emulsions
- Formulation containing both aqueous and oleaginous components
- Lozenges
- Formulated with sweetening agents
- Sometimes used instead of tablets for
sublingual administration
- Ointments
- Inteded to be spread around the anal
opening and are most often used to
treat inflamed hemorrhoidal tissues
- Suppositories
- Semisolid dosage forms that dissolve or
melt when inserted into the rectum
- Route
- Oral
- Buccal
- Pouch between the teeth
and cheek in the mouth
- Allows for rapid absorption of drugs and
bypasses first-pass metabolism in the
liver
- Tablets, solutions
- Sublingual
- Under the tongue
- Other administrations are
considered more convenient
- Tablets, lozenges
- Most frequently used route of administration
- Certain drugs cannot be taken orally because they
are degraded or destroyed by stomach acid and
intestinal enzymes
- Liquid dosage forms reach the
circulatory system faster than drugs
in solid form
- Enteric coated tables are used when the
drug can be degraded by the stomach acid.
The enteric coating will not let the tablet
disintegrate until it reaches the high pHs of
the small intestines
- Tablets, capsules, bulk
powders, solutions,
suspensions, elixirs, syrups,
emulsions
- Rectal
- Drugs are administered via the
rectum either for a local effect or to
avoid degradation after oral
administration
- Most rectal solutions
are used as enemas or
cleansing solutions
- Solutions, ointments, suppositories