Zusammenfassung der Ressource
ROUTES: PARENTERAL
- Any route other than oral, sublingual, buccal or
rectal is considered a parenteral route
- The term parenteral means next to, or beside, the
enteral. It refers to any sites of administration that
are outside of or beside the alimentary tract
- Intraocular
- Volume of tears: 7 microliters
- Hold up to 10 microliters without spillage
- Eyedropper dispenses 50
microliters hich means
80% of a dose will be lost
from the eye overflow
- Rate of tear production:
2 microliters/minute
- Tear volume in the eye turns
over every 2-3 minutes
- Ophthalmic ointment
tubes hold approximately
3.5 g of ointment
- Intranasal
- Nasal cavity capacity: 20ml
- Most common use is for decongestant activity
- Should not be used for prolonged periods
- Inhalation
- Metered dose inhaler (MDI)
- Delivers a fixed dose when
the aerosol is actuated
- Adapter and Spacers
- Allows the patient to coordinate
inhalation and actuation of the aerosol
- Dry powder inahler
- Device automatically
releases the drug when
the user inhales
- The powdered drug is supplied in hard gelatin
capsules, cartridges, or foil blister strips, and is
loaded into the inhalation device
- Atomizers and Nebulizers
- Device breaks up a liquid into a spray
- Dermal
- Most dermal dosage forms are used for local effects on or within the skin
- Ointments, creams, and lotions are the most popular dermal formulations
- Collodions: liquid preparations of proxylin dissolved in a solvent mixture of
alcohol and ether. Looks like raw cotton and is slowly but completely soluble in
the solvent mixture. When applied to the skin, the solvent rapidly evaporates,
leaving a protective film on the skin that contains a thin layer of the drug
- Liniments: alcoholic or oleaginous solutions generally applied by rubbing
- Dermal aerosols are generally used to apply
anesthetic and antibiotic drugs for local effect
- Vaginal
- Avoids degradation that occurs with oral administration; doses can be retrieved if
necessary; and it has the potential of providing long term drug absorption
- Suppositories are used as contraceptives, feminine hygiene antiseptics,
bacterial antibiotics, or to restore the vaginal mucoas
- Parenteral routes are some times preferred when a rapid drug
response is desired, as in an emergency, or when the patient is
uncooperative, unconscious, or otherwise unable to take a drug by
an enteral route
- Disadvantages
- Cost more than enteral route
- Require skilled personnel to administer them
- Once administered, it is most difficult to remove
the dose if there is an adverse or toxic reaction
- Injections
- Intravenous
- Needle gauge: 16-20
- Large needle gauge
- Needle length 1-1.5"
- May be large volume, slow infusion
- Intramuscular
- Needle gauge: 19-22
- Needle length: 1-1.5"
- Slower onset but longer duration
of action compared to IV
- Z-tract injection
- Intradermal
- Needle gauge: 25-26
- Small needle gauge
- Needle length: 3/2"
- Injected into the top layer of skin at a slight angle
- Subcutaneous
- Provides slower absorption compared to IM, but
faster absorption compared to oral administration
- Prefferred route of administration for implants
- Needle gauge: 24-27
- Needle length: 3/8 - 1"