Nervous System Disorders

Trauma
1. Pattern of injury (e.g.coup/contrecoup), signs & symptoms depend on region and between which meninges
  1. Bleeding/swelling may increase intracranial pressure (if brainstem damaged/coning - coma)
    1. Concussion (brief LOC, full recovery)
    2. Contusion (bruising, full recovery may not occur)
    3. Laceration (tear of axons & blood vessels)
    4. Signs of increased intracranial pressure?
Degeneration
1. Alzheimer's
  1. Degeneration of cholinergic neurons in hippocampus, amygdala, frontal lobe
    1. Pathophys: plaques & tangles
      1. Affects: Memory, reasoning, personality, ADL
2. Parkinson's
  1. Degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in substantia nigra
    1. Pathophys? Lewy bodies?
      1. Affects basal ganglia function: Tremor, rigidity, bradykinesia etc.
Environmental/Chemical Insult
1. Lead poisoning
2. Kernicterus
  1. Elevated unconjugated bilirubin crosses BBB
    1. Premature babies have immature liver & BBB
      1. Brain toxicity
Genetic
1. Huntington's
  1. Autosomal dominant
    1. Loss of basal ganglia neurons
      1. Choreiform movements, later cognition (presents 20-50y)
Auto-Immune
1. Multiple Sclerosis
  1. Progressive demyelination
    1. Affects: motor, sensory, visual, cognitive
Altered neurotransmitter activity
1. Unipolar depression
  1. Causes: biological, psychological, social, neurotransmitter
    1. Low serotonin/adrenaline activity?
2. Bipolar
  1. Cycling of depression then mania
    1. Dopamine or glutamate dysfunction?
3. Schizophrenia
  1. Psychosis - positive & negative symptoms
    1. Dopamine dysfunction mesolimbic & mesocortical paths
4. Epilepsy
  1. Types: tonic/clonic, petit mal, temporal lobe
    1. Uncontrolled firing of group of neurons
      1. Due to hypersensitivity of neurons/low GABA?
Cerebrovascular accident
1. Ischemic stroke
  1. Interruption in blood supply (e.g. thrombus, embolus, air, tumour), most strokes
    1. underlying cause often atherosclerotic disease, so same risk factors
      1. Signs - depend on area of brain affected
2. Haemorrhagic stroke
  1. Bleeding in the brain or between meninges
    1. underlying cause may be trauma, aneurysm or tumor
      1. Signs & symptoms same as ischemic but also signs of increased intracranial pressure
      2. Aneurysm
        abnormal dilation and weakening of blood vessel wall
        Cause? Atheroma, high BP, genetic

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Nervous System Disorders

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	Erstellt von Judy Thomas vor fast 9 Jahre