SOCIOLINGUISTICS

SOCIAL CLASS
1. BERNSTEIN: A SOCIOLOGICAL VIEW
  1. Code:
    1. Way of using language
  2. Restricted Code:
    1. Context Dependent
  3. Elaborated Code:
    1. Context Independent
  4. Shirley Brice Heath
    1. Children learn: in early enculturation
      1. Customs
      2. Beliefs
      3. Skills
    2. Bed time story is a major literacy event that helps set patterns of behaviour
    3. Suggests there are 2 types of questions and answers
      1. The what explanation
        Pick up topic sentences
        Write out lines
        Answer standardized tests
        Predominates in the early years of schooling
      2. The reason-explanation
        Children are encouraged to speculate on why-type questions
2. Cultural System
3. Linguistic System
4. For Bernstein and Brice Heath is an issue of fundamental importance in education
LABOV: PHONOLOGICAL VARIATION AND SOCIAL STRATIFICATION
1. Audience design
  1. Radio announcers suit their style to their audience
    1. The announcer is identifying him/herself or claiming membership to the group that it constitutes.
2. Accomodation:
  1. The way a person who moves to a new part of the country modifies his/her speech in the direction of the new norm
3. Spolsky: Variation in language is not accidental or meaningless
  1. Audience design and accomodation help:
    1. constitute identity
    2. claim solidarity
    3. Express attitudes towards power and prestige
WOMEN´S LANGUAGE
1. DIFFERENCES IN LANGUAGE USE
  1. Zimmerman (1975) Research into turn taking:
    1. Men interrupt and talk more in a conversation
  2. Romaine (1994) Women tend to:
    1. Give minimal responses
    2. Use prestige forms of a language
    3. Less swearing
    4. Use more correct vocabulary
    5. Use linguistic means to achieve status
  3. Coates (1988) Women-women talk
    1. Is a co-operative function
    2. Simbolises mutual support and co-operation
    3. They have rights as speakers and duties as listeners
  4. Main reasons why gender affects language
    1. Conservatism
      1. Women´s role in society. To maintain status quo
    2. Status consciousness
      1. The influence of gender will differ from culture to culture
      2. Interact with social characteristics of speakers. Social class, age, context.
    3. Networks
      1. Men´s language is characterised by the influence of peer-group solidarity
2. CLASSROOM IMPLICATIONS OF GENDER STUDIES
  1. Gender studies have highlighted teachers must pay attention to in their classroom practice
    1. Women tend to be more polite
    2. Pay more attention to male during class interaction
    3. Lexis
    4. Classroom materials: No sexist materials in any coursebook
    5. Representations of gender can be very stereotypical
3. Suzanne Romaine (1994):
  1. Women occupy a problematic or negative semantic space
  2. Women are seen as inferior versions of men
  3. Women are devalued so is their language
STUDY OF LANGUAGE IN THE CONTEXT OF ITS SOCIAL USES
1. Relation between language and society
2. Relation between uses of language and the social structures
REFERENCES:IEXPRO (2020). Class Anthology: English in the community

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