lipids

lipids

are a diverse group of molecules that contain regions composed almost entirely of hydrogen and carbon
1. all lipids contain large chains of nonpolar hydrocarbons
2. most are hydrophobic and are insoluble in water
Lipids are most often triglycerides, which are made up of 3 fatty acids and glycerol
Triglycerides are generated by a condensation reaction, and the bond between glycerol and the fatty acid is called an ester bond
Fatty acids can be saturated (single bonds between all carbons) or unsaturated, at least one double bond between carbons. This impacts whether the compound is a fat or an oil.
Lipids have diverse roles in the cell, including energy storage, making the cell membrane, and the production of hormones
structure
1. The structure of the fatty acids influences the structure of the lipid. In the fatty acid chains, the carbon atoms could have single bonds between them making the lipid “saturated”.
  1. This generates fats that are usually solid at room temperature.
2. if one or more of the bonds between the carbon atoms are double bonds, the lipid is said to be “unsaturated”.
  1. If there is one double bond, the triglyceride is said to be “monounsaturated”, if it has multiple double bonds, it is “polyunsaturated”.
    1. Unsaturated fatty acids are usually liquid at room temperature and are called oils.
3. The double bonds in unsaturated fatty acids can exist in either a cis or a trans configuration. This describes whether the hydrogen atom are on the same side (cis) or opposite sides (trans).
  1. A cis double bond generates a bend in the molecule, influencing its structure and downstream function. Trans fats are rare in nature.
4. Fat molecules with fully saturated tails can pack tightly against one another because the single bonds result in straight molecules.
  1. This tight packing generates fats that are solid at room temperature, for example, butter.
5. Unsaturated fatty acids (which in nature usually contain cis double bonds) have bent tails.
  1. This means they are not able to be tightly packed and results in oils that are liquid at room temperature.

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