B1: You and your genes

B1: You and your genes
1. Genes, Chromosomes and DNA
  1. Genetic material is arranged into23 pairs of chromosomes
  2. Each chromosome is one very long molecule of DNA
  3. A gene is a short length of a chromosome
  4. Different versions of the same gene are called alleles
  5. Genes are instructions for cells
    1. Each gene is a code for making a certain protein
      1. Structural protein - hair, blood, skin
      2. Functional proteins - digestion
  6. Geneotype - all the genes it has
    1. Characteristics an organism has is its phenotype
Genes and variation
1. Sperm and egg cells have half the amount of DNA
  1. 23 single chromosomes
    1. When the egg and sperm combine, they have 23 pairs
2. Chrildren resemble both parents but aren't identicle to either
  1. Half a childs chromosomes come from each parent
3. Genes are shuffled ramdomly to make eggs and sperm
  1. There are billions of different chromosome combinations from 23 pairs
Inheritance and genetic diagrams
1. The combination of alleles determines its phenotype
  1. Alleles can be dominant or recessive
    1. For the characteristic to be determined by the recessive allele, both alleles must be recessive
2. Huntindons is a dominant allele so if one parent has is, the is 50% chance
3. Punnett sqaures
Sex chromosomes
1. 23rd pair is labled XY
  1. This determines your sex
    1. All men have an X and a Y chromosome
    2. All women have 2 X chromosomes
    3. The gene that makes you male produces a certain protein
      1. Produces testes (instead of overies)
Genetic disorders
1. Genetic disorders are caused by one faulty allele
2. Cystic fibrosis is caused by recessive alleles
  1. Symptoms
    1. Breathing difficulty
    2. Chest infections
    3. Difficulty digesting food
3. Huntindons is dominant allele
  1. Tremors, clumsiness, memory loss, poor concentration
Genetic testing
1. Embryos, adult and children
  1. Embroys can be tested using iVF
    1. Healthy eggs are placed back in womb
  2. Adult and children can be tested to see if they are carriers
    1. Can also be tesred before drug presciption to see any affects
2. Issues
  1. Not 100% accurate
  2. Not 100% safe
  3. Right to terminate a pregnancy?
  4. Discrimination
Clones
1. Clones are genetically identical organisms
  1. Nature makes clones
    1. Embroys split
      1. Identical twins
    2. Asexual reproduction
      1. Only one parent
        Bateria divides into 2
        Plants produce clones
        Produce horizontal stems and form clones
        Bulbs copy themselves
  2. Scientists make clones
    1. The nucleus of an egg is removed
      1. The nucleus of an adult donor is incerted in its place
        The cell is stimulated so it acts as a normal embryo
        The embryo is identical to the donor cell
Stem cells
1. Stem cells become othr types of cells
  1. Embroyonic stem cells
    1. Found in early embryos
      1. Stem cell is removed from the embro then embryo is destroyed
        Can be made into ANY cell at all
  2. Adult dtem cells
    1. Found in adult animals
      1. Involved in maintaining and repairing tissues and can turn to MANY cels
        Removed safely by removing bone marrow, no embryos destroyed
  3. treat many illnesses
    1. Medicine is using stem cells
      1. Bone marrow transplants
        Heart muscle cells for people with heart disease

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B1: You and your genes

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