Zusammenfassung der Ressource
Intelligence testing and selection at 11+
- Sir Cyril Lodowic Burt
- In 1902 won classical scholarship to Oxford.
- It was suggested to him by McDougall
that he should focus his senior project on
psychometrics.
- His first article
underpinned
Spearman's Theory on
intelligence
- He left LCC in 1932 once succeeding as
Professor of Psychology at UCL
- In 1913, he took the position of 'school Psychologist for
London county council' making him in charged of all schools.
- This later developed into his part time job
- Studied Psychology and Philosophy at Oxford
and specialised in both.
- Produced several reports on
backward maladjusted and
delinquent children at The LCC
- The young delinquent (1925)
and The Backward Child (1933)
were the books he produced
- In 1920 he assessed the
perfomance of 'normal'
children in schools
- He found environmental factors did
not influence untelligence
- Had a strong belief that educational ability was inherited and this was
proven by exams
- Believed that intelligence was
determined at conception and not
much affected by environmental
factors.
- Favoured grammar schools and believed that
regardless of social class all children would benefit
- What is intelligence?
- Having a highly developed brain
- 'the ability to acquire and apply knowledge and skills' Brian Simon (1971)
- 'a general cognitive ability to solve problems. A
mental ability involved in reasoning, perceiving
relationships and analogies, calculating or how
quickly we learn/
- A particular individual has behaved
in a particular situation
- ’Intelligence is very difficult concept, many psychologists
and researchers comes up with different definitions but
they all come up this the same theme; intelligence is about
achieving goals in a different range of our environments’’
-Marcus Hutter
- What is IQ
- Intelligence Quotient
- “A measure of the intelligence of an individual
derived from results obtained from specially
designed tests. The quotient is traditionally
derived by dividing an individual's mental age by
his chronological age and multiplying the result
by 100”
- It was supported as Burt
believed that intelligence was
determined at conception
meaning that it was not
affected by environmental
factors after birth
- Is IQ a good measure of ability?
- Alfred Binet did not believe that this could measure intelligence.
- Stressed the limitations of the test saying that intelligence is far too broad to quantify with a
single number
- Binet produced the very first intelligence test called the Binet- Simon test in 1905
- Binet began chose and improved questions that ‘’focused on things that had not been taught in
school such as attention, memory and problem-solving skills.’’
- Pros and Cons of testing
- Pros
- Can identify students with special needs.
- Children can be put into sets according to ability
- “Intelligence testing has revealed unsuspected talents in
many individuals and has improved educational
opportunity”. (Sattler, 1992)
- “IQ tests provide a profile of strengths and weaknesses”.(Sattler, 1992)
- Cons
- Used to classify children into stereotyped categories.
- In terms of problem-solving situations they are not concerned
with the underlying processes involved in problem solving.
They focus on the final product or outcome rather than on the
steps involved in reaching the outcome.
- Children change, so tests taken at different times will yield
different results. One IQ test isn't an absolute, so it should be taken
into account lightly rather than being used to determine the child’s
future.
- What is an IQ test?
- divided into sections of 'Abstract reasoning, Vocabulary, Memory,
Pattern reproduction and practical intelligence
- Experts and psychologists believe that if you are poor in one of the sections it is
most likely to be poor in all of them. However “a person may be very intelligent in
one particular field, and yet quite unintelligent in another’’. Brian Simon (1971)
- Selection at 11+
- Test would be in, Verbal reasoning, Non-verbal
reasoning, Mathematics, English and General
knowledge and intelligence
- Pass mark is used to see if students are eligible for a grammar school
- Pass mark is between 500 and 700, students given the mark could study at
grammar schools whose who failed did not study here
- Effects of 11+ testing
- Some children went to local grammar schools, others to secondary modern
- Children had the same experience of school until separated by the 11+ exam
- Children who had once played together became separated from their peers
- 11+ testing and age differences
- Children judged according to intelligence against children almost a year older than themselves
- A child could fail if their birthdays fell earlier
- children born in October were more likely to pass their exam than those born in
august
- children were labekelled by parents
- Secondary modern schools were less favoured in
society
- Grammar schools produced children that were unable to cook, clean, sew, paint and draw, but were academically superior
- The effects on further education
- Grammar schools forced to strive to O-Levels
- Children with O-Levels accessed and received qualifications such as BED’s, certificates, Diploma’s
and MA’s.
- Those who did not attend Grammar schools would go on to work in manual labour such as factories and
agriculture.
- CSE’s meant that children had difficulty gaining higher qualifications . Some would need to do a one year access course before being considered for
college
- REFERENCES
- http://www.brainmetrix.com/intelligence-definition/ http://psychology.about.com/od/psychologicaltesting/a/int-history.htm Kamin, L.J.
(1995). The pioneers of IQ testing. In Russell Jacoby & Naomi Glauberman (Eds.), The Bell Curve debate: History, documents,
opinions. New York: Times Books.
http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-1030673/Could-pass-11-plus-Exam-papers-used-1950s-puts-family-test.html
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ahmPfZlcsTk http://www.therichest.com/ http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=F2bQ5TSB-cE Brian
Simon (1971) Intelligence Psychology Education, A Marxist Critique, London, Lawrence & Wishart Ltd Sattler, J. M.
(1992). Assessment of children (3rd ed.). San Diego, CA: Author. National Master (2003) Sir Cyril Burt: Rapid intelligences. Sydney
Australia Available at: http://www.nationmaster.com/encyclopedia/Sir-Cyril-Burt (Assessed 17/11/13) I.Q. Tests - definition of I.Q. Tests
by the Free Online Dictionary, Thesaurus and Encyclopedia.. 2013. I.Q. Tests - definition