CNS Part 1

Ch.1: Intro, Evolution, & Approaches
1. Readings
  1. Powell, Dalton, & Strom
    1. States do what?
      1. maintain security
      2. protect rights
      3. promote econ. efficiency (property, public goods, prevent externalities)
      4. promote social justice
      5. protect the weak
    2. Gov't is a problem when?
      1. Coercive
      2. Violate human rights
      3. Over-regulate/distort
      4. Rent-seeking
    3. What is a Political System?
    4. Challenge to multiethnic nation states of building community
    5. Econ. dev & democratization are transformative
    6. Statistical vs. Case Studies. Variables.
    7. Structural-Functional Approach*
    8. Process vs. System Functions
  2. Blondel
    1. CP has changed! From deductive to Inductive. Modern phase started w/ 1950-60s global models
      1. New Institutionalism
      2. Rational Choice Theory
  3. Kohli, Evans, Katzenstein (Symposium
    1. Other theories and their threat to centrism
    2. New Regionalism
    3. Use of Counteractuals
    4. CP is problem-driven
    5. CP scholars pursue causal analysis
    6. Role of theory important due to quest to make causal generalizations
Ch. 2: Research Methodology
1. Readings
  1. Diamond "Natural Experiments of History"
    1. Haiti vs. Dominican Republic Comparison
    2. 81 Pacific Island (incl Easter Island) Study - broader, statistical
  2. Geddes "Selection Bias in CP"
    1. Error: Selecting a dependent variable along a path-dependent argument
    2. Selection of dependent variable along arbitrary time series or historical case study
  3. Mill "How We Compare"
    1. Social Conditions ("cuase") produce "states of society (effect)
    2. Empirical Laws of Society
      1. Uniformities of coexistence
      2. Causality ("Succession")
    3. "Method of Agreement" seeks similarities btwn different cases
    4. "Method of Difference" seeks difference btwn similar cases
  4. Sartori "Comparing & Miscomparing"
    1. Parochialism Invents self-tailored terminology
    2. Misclassification
    3. Degreeism
    4. Concept Stretching
    5. CP has no "logical, methodological and linguistic discipline"
  5. Lichbach: Paradigms of CP
    1. Rationality
    2. Culture
      1. Explanation (TA)
    3. Structure
      1. Evidence (TA)
    4. "Discovery" (Transparadigmatic Alternative)
  6. Zuckerman "Explanation in CP"
    1. Comparatives must establish the explanatory power of the mechanisms they choose before they are applied to research
Ch. 3: The State & State Formation
1. Readings
  1. Migdal "Researching the State"
    1. 3 Waves of State Formation
      1. 1. WWI & Collapse of Russian, Austro-Hungarian, & Ottoman Empires
        2. Decolonization after WWII
        3. Collapse of USSR
    2. 2 New approaches to CP:
      1. Large N (quantitative)
      2. In-depth (Qualitative)
  2. WEBER "What is a State?"
    1. Monopoly on the legitimate use of force within a territory
    2. 3 Kinds of Legitimacy
      1. Traditional
        Charismatic
        Legal
  3. Tilly "War Making & State Making as Organized Crime"
    1. States have 4 Functions:
      1. War Making
        State Making
        Protection
        Extraction (taxes to fund 3 other functions))
  4. TA: 4 C's for militant success
    1. Constituency
      1. Capital
        Coercive Capacity
        Coalition
  5. Fukuyama "State-building: Governane & WO in 21st Cent"
    1. Expanding size of state in the West; begin to cut down in 1980s
      1. Dev'ing world state expanding; IMF and World Bank advise to lessen state role. Washington Consensus.
    2. Successful State formation depends on:
      1. Culture
        Common Ethnicity
        Resources
        Geographical Features
        Common Language
        Coalition Partners
        Institutional Capacity
      2. Success Stories: Germany, Japan, Taiwan, Korea, Mexico, Chile
  6. Scope & Strength of State & Econ Development
  7. Supply & Demand for Institutions. Limited effectiveness transferring Western institutions
Ch. 4: Democracies vs. Authoritarian Regimes
1. Readings
  1. Dahl "Democracy & its critics"
    1. More inclusive over time
      1. Scale of democracy has expanded
    2. 3 Milestones:
      1. Incorporation (who can vote)
        Representation (right to form parties)
        Organized Opposition (right to vote against)
  2. Brooker "Non-Democratic Regimes"
  3. Huntington "Democracy's Third Wave"
    1. Wave 1: 1820-1926 Euro/US
      1. Wave 2: 1945-62 Colonies
        Wave 3: 1970s-1990s Church, EU, US change policies
2. What is democracy?
  1. Dahl: has been variously conceived of as a distinctive set of political institutions & practices, a particular body of rights, a social and economic order, a system that ensures certain esirable results, or a unique process of making collective and binding decisions
  2. Weber: "The primary form of government in modern times
3. Different Types of Democracy
  1. Schumpter: Procedural vs. Sustantive
    1. Lijphart Majoritarian vs. Consensus; Coalescent vs. Adversarial
      1. Dahl Thin vs. Thick; Populism vs. Liberalism; Liberal vs. Illiberal
        Dahl's Polyarchy (spectrum of competition & inclusivity)
        Manin's "Audience Democracy"
4. Definitions
  1. Procedural Democarcy: by the people
    1. Substantive Democracy: for the people
      1. Thin democracy: participatory; requires only voting rights
        Thick democracy: procedural democracy that requires constitutional rights & civil liberties as well
        Dahl's Polyarchy
        Polyarchy: Competitive & Inclusive
        Inclusive Hegemony: Inclusive, not competitive
        Competitive Oligarchy: competitive but non-inclusive
        Autocracy: non-competitive, non-inclusive
        Liberal vs. Illiberal democracy
  2. Coalescent Democracy: elites are a coherent group, can lead democracy in 2 directions
  3. Depoliticized - homogenous society
  4. Centripetal - homogenous (anglo-american)
  5. Centrifugal - pluralistic (european system)
  6. Majoritarian
    1. concentrated powerful executive
    2. two parties
      1. winner-take all
    3. flexible, easily amended constitution
    4. Consensus
      1. executive power sharing
      2. proportional representation (PR)
        federal & decentralized
      3. Bicameral
      4. rigid consitution
  7. Audience democracy: not everyone has to take part
5. Authoritarianism
  1. Monarchies
  2. Dictatorships
    1. Personal Rule
      1. (populist) Presidential Monarchies
    2. Org Rule
      1. Party
      2. Military
    3. Claims to Legitimacy
      1. Religious
        Ideological
        Democratic
6. "Transitions from Authoritarian Rule" vs. Carothers "End of the Transition Paradigm"
Ch. 5: Separation of Powers & Presidential vs. Parliamentary Systems
1. Readings
  1. Powell, Dalton, & STrom
    1. Gov't & Policymaking
    2. 2 systems: Democracy vs. Authoritarians
    3. 3 Dimensions of Decision Rules
      1. Separation of powers
      2. Geographic Distribution of Power
      3. Limitation on Gov't Power
    4. Two Systems: Presidential & Parliamentary
      1. Presidential
        Fixed terms
        Strong Democratic Legitimacy
        "winner take all"
      2. Parliamentary
        Power-sharing
        "consociational democracy
  2. Shugart & Cary
    1. Dichotomy not so clear. Many countries have both.
  3. Diamond & Platter "Electoral Systems & Democracy
    1. Horowitz: Primer for Decision-makers. Goals:
      1. Proportional seats to votes
      2. Accountability to constituents
      3. Durable Govts
      4. Victory of the winner
      5. Interethnic Concilation
      6. Minority office-holding
    2. Soudriette & Ellis "A global snapshot"
      1. Plurality vs majority systems
        First past the post
        Two-round system
        Proportional Representation
    3. Reilly "Dealing w/ Divided Societies"
      1. Most powerful systems make politicians reciprocally dependent on votes from other groups
    4. The Case for Power Sharing (Lijphat)
      1. Power sharing & group autonomy (power sharing or consociational democracy) solves problem of divided societies
    5. Weaver: Federalism is an alternative to conflict-solving electoral rules
Ch. 6: Elections, Referendums, Political Parties, & Party Systems
1. Readings
  1. Powell, Daulton & Strom
    1. Interest Aggregation
      1. Democracies: parties gain support for programs
      2. Autocracies: ruling party may try to mobilize support, political process controlled
      3. narrows policy to workable iniatiatives
    2. Patron-client network
      1. Center (patron) to populace (client)
    3. Electoral Regulations
      1. Extent of Franchise
        Voluntary/Compulsory Voting
        Access-requirements to ballots
        Term limits
    4. Single Member Constituencies (Majoritarian)
    5. Multi Member Constituencies (PR)
      1. List systems (parties give lists)
        Mixed Systems (candidate + party list)
        Single Transferable vote
        Perfect proportionality very rare
    6. Majoritarian systems award seas:
      1. single member plurality
      2. Alternative Vote
      3. two-round
    7. Electoral Systems differ by:
      1. Direct magnitude (district vs nationwide candidates
      2. Intra-party choice
      3. Threshholds for recognition
  2. Downs "Econ theory of pol. action in Democracy
    1. Parties formulate policy strictly as means of gaining votes
    2. Parties take shortcuts b/c of imperfect knowledge
      1. Pursuasion
      2. Representation
      3. Not all votes are equally important
      4. lack of info creates demand for ideology
    3. If voters scattered, gov't has harder time implementing objectives
    4. apathy is rational voter behavior
  3. Lijphart, Lardeyret, Quade & Lijphart " Electoral Systems & Democracy"
    1. Plurality Elections + Presidential
    2. Proportional Rep. + Parliamentary
    3. Plurality Elections + Parliamentary
    4. Proportional Rep. + Presidential
    5. Lardeyret "The Problem w/ PR"
    6. Quade - Favors plurality, 2 party system
    7. Ljiphart: Parliament + PR systems are right
  4. Diamond & Gunther "political parties & democracy"
    1. 7 functions of parties
      1. Candidate Nomination
      2. Electoral Mobilization
      3. Issue Structuring
      4. Societal Representation
      5. Interest Aggregation
      6. Forming/Sustaining Gov'ts
      7. Social Integration
    2. Types of Parties
      1. Elite parties
        Mass-based Parties
        Ethnicity-based Parties
        Electoralist Parties
        Movement Parties
  5. Schmitter "Parties are not what they once were"
    1. Groups that link electorate w/ policy:
      1. Parties
      2. Interest Associations
      3. Social Movements
    2. parties watered down by anti-party candidates
    3. Parties now weaker at forming gov'ts
    4. Globalization limits party platform options
    5. More & more "professional politicians" isolated from voters

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CNS Part 1

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