schizophrenia

1. thought insertion
2. delusions of reference

1. auditory (most common)
   1. STUDY: FMRI, AUDITORY HALLUCINATION VS AUDITORY STIMULATION

      Anmerkungen:

      • They took patients with BRIEF AUDITORY HALLUCINATIONS -then looked at BLOOD OXYGENATION ACTIVITY in the brain only 3 patients -pressed button when the hallucinations began and then when they ended -scanned them while experiencing their hallucinations -also scanned them when they were listening to a tone RESULT: -Similar areas in the brain were activated for BOTH CONDITIONS!!
   2. STUDY: non-clinical hallucinations vs. hearing voices in healthy individuals

      Anmerkungen:

      • did FMRI with these individuals -they looked at TIMING of brain activity RESULT: STS: activated when we hear human voices IFG: aka BROCA'S area, involved in language production and comprehension SMA: controls INTERNALLY generated motor movements and speech people imagining: first SMA activated, then other areas kicked in 1-3 seconds later healthy individuals with non-clinical hallucinations: SMA LIGHTS AT SAME TIME AS OTHER AREAS ==> *basically, the SMA doesn't warn you that "hey, this is coming from you"
      1. SMA
         1. "this action is coming from me!"
         2. TICKLING STUDY
            1. SZ can tickle themselves

1. ex. neologisms

1. catatonia
   1. unusual and uncomfortable position for long period of time

1. av age men 25, women 29
   1. ESTROGEN
      1. women's negative symptoms get worse after menopause

1. 6 groups

   Anmerkungen:

   • 1. patients with SZ 2. healthy siblings of SZ 3. patients with affective 4. affective siblings 5. healthy controls 
   1. result: MORE MOTOR ABNORMALITIES + MORE NEGATIVE FACIAL EMOTION IN SZ PATIENTS
      1. *specifier: facial abnormalities on LEFT SIDE

1. blindly interviewed them and gave diaagnoses
   1. SZ related diagnoses found in biological relatives not adoptive

1. deficit in smooth pursuit eye movements
2. verbal memory
3. sensory gating
4. reduced hippocampal volume

Anmerkungen:

• Gave healthy controls and SZ patients AMPHETAMINE (dopamine agonist) amphetamine: increases availability of dopamine patients: MORE DOPAMINE RELEASE relative to controls

Anmerkungen:

• depleted dopamine in healthy controls and SZ patients -this exposes receptors -compare binding of radio ligand at BASELINE and after depletion -estimate proportion of D2 receptors masked at baseline **ENDOGENOUS levels of dopamine have been reduced after depletion  -increased binding, increased number of RECEPTORS

1. Unmedicated patients had more dopamine receptors available in STRIATUM compared to health controls
   1. binding of radio-ligand HIGHER in DLPFC OF SZ

1. 5 X INCREASE in psychotic symptoms for methamphetamine users
   1. ex. suspiciousness, hallucinations

1. produces symptoms similar to SZ patients

1. emotional withdrawal, blunted affect

1. HEALTHY CONTROLS ONLY!
   1. tested them over 4 days
      1. positive symptoms: 2 drugs produced greater effects COMBINED
      2. negative symptoms: KETAMINE INCREASED THEM, not amphetamine
      3. cognitive symptoms: each had effect, but NO EFFECT WHEN COMBINED
2. amphetamine
   1. grandiosity and suspiciousness

1. ONLY FOUND THIS IN MALES
   1. FRONTAL CORTEX, lower serotonin binding
      1. more positive symptoms

1. objective: how many days did you not have power?
   1. lower MDI SCORES
      1. OBJECTIVE STRESSORS 1ST + 2ND TRIMESTER
2. subjective: how stressed did you feel

1. STUDY: dad's occupation
   1. 45% of SZ never achieved status of dad
   2. 13% did better