Zusammenfassung der Ressource
Imperialism, war
and revolution
- THE GREAT POWERS IN
THE LATE 19TH CENTURY
- LIBERALISM AND
AUTHORITARIANISM IN EUROPE
- Political systems varied across Europe.
- Countries with Authoritarian
Political Systems
- Governed by monarchies and
counted with parliaments, who
couldn't oppose to king's absolute
power.
- Military presence in
everyday life.
- Ethnic and
cultural diversity.
- Little rights for
population.
- Countries with Liberal
Political Systems
- Strenghtened separation of powers.
- New rights
recognised.
- Male universal
suffrage was achieved.
- Socialist parties started to be
represented in Parliament.
- RUSSIAN AUTOCRACY
- Tsar (emperor) had all
power and was the highest
religious authority.
- Any sign of
opposition was
automatically
repressed.
- 1861: Alexander II decreed
the ''Emancipation of serfs''
- This gave them more freedom,
but didn't improve their
economic situation.
- There was ethnic
diversity.
- Policy of Russianisation:
imposition of Russian
language and culture to
foreigners.
- UNITED STATES: BIRTH
OF A NEW POWER
- In the 19th century,
there was a great
territorial expansion
in the US.
- New territories
colonised by white
settlers, which led to
conflict with natives.
- The few surviving
natives were confined
in reservations.
- While southern states
were in favor of
slavery, northern ones
had abolished it.
- Lincoln was made
president in 1860
- 11 southern
states
seceded and
made into a
confederacy.
- These states were
considered rebellious,
which led to the American
Civil War (1861-1865)
- The northern states
won, abolishing slavery
in the whole country.
- Black people won
some rights, and
southern states
applied a policy of
racial segregation.
- MEIJI ERA IN JAPAN
- 1867-1914: Japan went from being a
feudal, traditional country to being an
industrialised and westernised one.
- 1867: Emperor
recovered power
from feudal lords,
and the Meiji Era
started.
- Economy and social
aspects were all
westernised.
- Trade agreements were
reached with US and Europe.
- THE RISE OF
IMPERIALISM
- WHAT IS
IMPERIALISM?
- Policy of extending a
country's domination
over other regions.
- Mother country
conquered the
colonies.
- This began to
be applied
worldwide in
the 19th
century.
- Some countries, like Spain or
Portugal, were already Colonial
Powers in the Early Modern Period.
- In 1870 there
was a new phase
of expansion of
imperialism.
- By 1800, 35%
of land was
controlled by
Europe and
US.
- By 1914,
an 84%
was
controlled
by them.
- ECONOMIC AND
DEMOGRAPHIC
FACTORS
- Industrialisation
- Europeans looked for areas
to invest capital in.
- Also wanted to find cheap raw materials
and sell their industrial products.
- Migration
- Population grew; not
enough work available.
- Europeans travelled to colonies.
- RELIGIOUS
FACTORS
- Conversion
- Europeans considered
natives' beliefs ''primitive''.
- They tried to convert
them to Christianity to
justify Imperialism.
- Hundreds of Catholic
and Protestant
missions founded.
- POLITICAL FACTORS
- Strategic Goals
- Imperial expansion also motivated geo-political interests.
- Competition
- Competition among great powers over the colonisation and benefit of new areas.
- Prestige
- Tried to influence public opinion.
- IDEOLOGICAL &
SCIENTIFIC FACTORS
- Racism
- Westerns thought natives were inferior & needed to be civilised.
- Exploration
- Scientific expeditions made over the world.
- THE GREAT
COLONIAL
EMPIRES
- BRITISH
EMPIRE
- Largest empire, with India as
the most valuable colony.
- Tried linking their colonies in
Africa.
- This led to a
dispute with
France (Fashoda
Incident, 1898)
- Also possessed Canada and
much of Oceania.
- FRENCH EMPIRE
- Second largest empire.
- In Africa, they had Algeria and Tunisia.
- Created a protectorate in Morocco.
- Possessed
Indochina
(Laos,
Cambodia,
Vietnam)
in
Asia.
- GERMANY AND ITALY
- They began their imperialist expansion later.
- Acquired colonies in Africa.
- Belgium conquered Congo.
- Conflict
between
powers
appeared.
- Met at the
Berlin
Conference
(1884-1885)
to resolve it.
- This resulted in the
division of much of
Africa.
- RUSSIA
- Conquered Siberia.
- Their frontiers reached China, Himalayas and India.
- UNITED STATES
- They defeated Spain in 1898.
- Occupied Philippines and Puerto Rico, then Cuba.
- Created economic
dependence among Latin
American Countries.
- JAPAN
- Conflict with Russia and China.
- Conquered Taiwan, Korea and took of
Manchuria, in China.
- COLONIAL
RULE
- TYPES OF RULE IN
COLONIAL EXPANSION
- In colonies, the
colonised
nation lost
sovereignity to
the colonising
power.
- In protectorates, the
colonial power
controlled foreign
policy and the wealth
of the colony.
- Domestic policy was taken care of by natives.
- In Spheres of influence, independent
countries were forced to give trade
advantages to colonial powers.
- Modern government and
political organisation
introduced in colonies.
- Colonial borders often drawn without
considering tribal and religious
differences of the local population.
- This led to conflict,
that in some places
lasts until today.
- ECONOMIC
EXPLOITATION
- Natural resources
exploited by mother
countries.
- Colonial economies
based mainly on
agriculture and
mineral extraction.
- Private companies
took native land and
created plantations.
- Industries in colonies were not
the main focus of mother
countries, so they were poor.
- Indigenous people were a
source of cheap labour.
- Colonial powers built transport
infrastructures to benefit their needs.
- Local population didn't get any benefit.
- SOCIAL AND
CULTURAL
EFFECTS
- Demography
- In some
places, local
people didn't
have previous
contact with
elsewhere.
- No inmunity to
diseases brought by
colonisers.
- Colonisation had a
disastrous impact.
- Traditional
society
- Transformed
by
colonisation.
- Colonisers formed
an elite class of
colonial society.
- They controlled economy, high positions
in business and government.
- Natives considered
inferior and were
marginalised.
- Culture
- Western culture
spread among
natives.
- Their elite
studied in
European
universities
and were
westernised.
- Acculturation had a great influence everywhere.
- Beliefs, language, clothes... became westernised.
- THE CAUSES
OF WORLD
WAR I
- BISMARCKIAN ALLIANCE
SYSTEM AND ARMED
PEACE (1870-1914)
- After German unification, politics
in Europe dominated by Otto Von
Bismarck.
- The Bismarckian
Alliance system
had 2 objectives
- Isolating France,
which had
previously lost
territory and
was trying to
regain it.
- Maintaining
equilibrium with
Balkans.
- Austria and Russia had
differences with them,
which could lead to war.
- Germany's pacts were:
- Dual Alliance
(Austria and
Hungary)
- Triple Alliance (Italy added)
- League of
3
emperors
(Austro-Hungary
and
Russia)
- After death of
German
emperor, his
successor
favored a more
aggresive
European policy.
- Bismarck was replaced,
which led to the
beginning of the
Armed Peace
(1890-1914)
- European powers
divided in 2 military
blocks:
- Triple Alliance
- Triple Entente
(France, Britain,
Russia)
- Fears from
both sides led
to arms race.