Zusammenfassung der Ressource
OWT 221 Motivation at Work
- Assumptions about
Human Nature
- 4 Approaches to
Work Motivation
- Reinforcement Theories
-Behaviourism & Power
of Environment
- Need Theory
- Hollistic
psychology,
A Maslow
- Cognitive Theory - Process of
Choice & Social Comparison
Expectancy & Equity Theory.
Positive psychology
- Task - Centred Theories -
Job Enrichment, Job
characteristics model
- McGregor Theory X
- People are inherently lazy
and must be motivated by
outside incentives
- Peoples natural goals
run counter to those of
the organisation
- People are irrational and
incapable of self-control
- Not everyone has all
above characteristics
- Rational Economic
Model (1988)
- Employees are motivated by
Economic incentives
- Such people can
therefore be motivated
and controlled by the
organisation
- Feelings are
irrational and
many present
rational
calculation of
self-interest
- Organisations should
therefore control and
neutralise feelings and
devise appropriate PRP
schemes
- Gary Becker - Economic
Approach to Human
Behaviour 1976
- People act to
maximise their
welfare
- They do this
regardless of the
goods at stake
- The economic approach does
not assume we are necessarily
conscious of their efforts to
maximise, or can verbalise the
reasons for their behaviour
- Leavitt and Dunbar
2006 Freakenomics
- Everything is not what it
seems to be, a swimming pool
is more dangerous than a
gun. Incentives have both
positive and negative effects
- 25,000 Dollars
for teachers ho
got good score
tests from pupils
in California.
Most of them
cheated due to
the incentive.
Most of them
taught the test.
- Utilitarianism
- Everyone wishes to
maximise their own
happiness
- Its morally
good to try to
do this
- Society must be organised
so that individual happiness
maximisation is good for
others
- It's possible to arrange
society so as to produce
the greatest happiness
for the greatest number
- The Protestant Work Ethic
- Taboo on
idleness
- Industriousness
is a religious
ideal
- Ambition,
success and
material
wealth a sign
of Gods
favour
- Universal
sign of Sin is
poverty
- Work as
a central
life
Interest
- People have a moral
and religious obligation
to fill their lives with a
heavy physical toll
- Men & Women are
expected to spend long
hours at work, with little or
no time for personal
recreation and leisure
- Workers should be highly
productive and produce a
large quantity of goods or
service
- Workers should be
achievement orientated and
constantly strive for promotions
and advancement
- Pay & Work Motivation
Lawler (1981)
- Pay May be
Effective
When:
- People believe better
performance will lead
to more pay
(expectancy)
- There are no
Negative
consequences for
Performing Well
- Other positive
outcomes result
from increased
performance
- Socialisation into
Protestant Work
Ethic is effective
- Pay may not
effectively
Motive if:
- Performance
is difficult to
Measure
- Performance
is measured
subjectively
- Large pay
rewards cannot
be given
- Workers are
not primarily
interested in
pay or
situation is low
trust
- The Whitehall Study
(1985 - 1993) Bosma
et al (1997)
- 10,000 Civil
servants. 33%
Women in all
hierarchical
levels
- Objective - Subjective
ratings of work:
demands, control social
support
- Minor risk factors
for coronary heart
disease: status,
dissatisfaction, diet
exercise
- Major risk factors: low job
control, low decision
latitude in skill discretion
- Taylor REM
- The introduction of Taylor's Scientific Management allowed organisations
to use economic incentives as a primary factor in motivating their workforce.
As Taylor also believed workers were economically motivated
- Scheins REM was based on
principles of Scientific
Management
- Taylor getting Schmidt to handle 47 tons of pig iron per day with every movement
throughout the day controlled by someone. The main incentive for the hard graft
ahead was that Schmidt’s pay would be increased Within the three years of
completing the hard daily task, Schmidt never failed to work at the pace he once
started with. Thus, the outcome supports the rational economic model’s adequacy as
Schmidt was purely motivated by economic means.