Intro to toxicology, classes of toxicants/contaminants/pollutants
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Erstellt von Flora Dong
vor etwa 9 Jahre
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Schließen
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Erstellt von Flora Dong
vor etwa 9 Jahre
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What's the difference between a xenobiotic versus anthropogenic?
What's the differencece between a toxin & toxicant? Give examples of each?
Who's the first toxicologist? What did this person hypothesize?
On the dose response curve, what's on the x- and y-axis, respectively?
What was the focus of Rachel Carson's environmental toxicology movement?
List the 4 basic steps of toxicant action
Name the 5 major classes of environmental contaminants
What was the problem observed in chimney sweeps and the cause of this problem?
What was the cause for the "Mad Hatter" disease?
What is the difference between a contaminant and a toxicant?
Name the 5 elements of a toxicity event.
What are the 2 source categories for toxicants? Give 3 examples & the type of each souce (7 total)
What 3 properties affect the fate of contaminants?
What's the relationship between toxicant dose and the type of response elicited?
What's the unit for oral exposure? Topical exposure? Respiratory exposure?
What are the 2 types of bioassays? From this, what 2 factors need to be considered for bioassays?
What are modifying factors? Give the 2 types plus examples.
What is included under the class "inorganic pollutants" (4 total)?
Name 2 functions of metals in living organisms.
What's the key difference between Class A vs. B metals? (i.e. what classifies them?) Give examples of each class.
Why is Class A less toxic than Class B metals?
Name 3 anthropogenic sources of metals and 3 other sources of metals.
Name 3 ways of how metals can elicit toxic effects
Why are organometals more hazardous than free metals? Explain with example.
Name and describe 3 environmentally important organometals.
Name the 2 forms of ammonia - which is more hazardous and why?
Name the point and nonpoint sources of ammonia.
What 2 factors affect unionized NH3 conc. and how?
Describe how unionized and ionized form of ammonia affect fish? (2 different mechanisms)
What are the outcomes of ammonia in fish? (4 in total)
What's the difference between Cl2 vs. Cl-? What are their targets?
Where is cyanide found and why is it hazardous?
What characterizes an isotope? (Relative to the actual element)
What's the difference between isotopes and radioisotopes?
Name all types of ionizing radiation.
Difference between what's measured by radioactivity vs. radiation dose?
Chernobyl accident releases 2x10^18 Bq radiation. Express this in curie and in DPM.
Poland expsoure to Chernobyl accident radiation was 1.2 mSv. How many rem is this?
Name the functions of UVA vs. UVB.
How does UV radiation cause damage?
What makes up petroleum hydrocarbons (PHCs)
Describe the toxicity of low MW vs. high MW PHC toxicity?
Name the PAHs with 2 fused rings, 3 fused rings (2), 4 fused rings (2)
How is PAH produced (natural and anthropogenically?)
What are the main environmental sinks for PAHs?
What is the source of PCB?
What are the biological consequences of PCB?
Where do dioxins and furans come from?
What makes dioxins and furans so toxic to biological systems?
What do PAH, PCB, dioxins and furans have in common that make them carcinogenic?
Name the traits of an ideal pesticide
What is the target and mode of action for DDT? Why is it banned in North America?
What is common about all insecticides?
What are the 2 modes of action for herbicides? Give example that uses each mode.
What is glyphosate and why is it a better alternative to other herbicide?
What is the major concern of pharmaceutical products?
