The three steps in memory information processing are...
sensing, transducing, perceiving
seeing, hearing, storage
acquisition, extinction, spontaneous recovery
encoding, storage, retrieval
Visual sensory memory is referred to as...
iconic memory
echoic memory
mnemonic memory
semantic memory
Lewis cannot remember the details of the torture he experienced as a prisoner of war. According to Freud, Lewis’ failure to remember these painful memories is an example of...
repression
long-term potentiation
negative reinforcement
flashbulb memory
Studies by Loftus and Palmer, in which people were quizzed about a film of an accident, indicate that...
when quizzed immediately, people can recall very little, due to the stress of witnessing an accident
when questioned as little as one day later, their memory was very inaccurate
most people had very accurate memories as much as 6 months later
people’s recall may easily be affected by misleading information
One way to increase the amount of information in memory is to group it into larger, familiar units. This process is referred to as...
the principle of conservation
proactive organization
chunking
encoding
Kandel and Schwartz have found that when learning occurs, more of the neurotransmitter ❌ is released into synapses.
Research on memory construction reveals that memories...
are stored as exact copies of experience
reflect a person’s biases and assumptions
may be chemically transferred from one organism to another
even if long term, usually decay within about five years
In a study on context cues, people learned words while on land or when they were underwater. In a later test of recall, those with the best retention had...
learned the words on land, that is, in the more familiar context
learned the words underwater, that is, in the more exotic context
learned the words and been tested on them in different contexts
learned the words and been tested on them in the same context
The spacing effect means that...
distributed study yields better retention than cramming
retention is improved when encoding and retrieval are separated by no more than 1 hour
learning causes a reduction in the size of the synaptic gap between certain neurons
delaying retrieval until memory has consolidated improves recall
Studies demonstrate that learning causes permanent neural changes in the ❌ of animals’ neurons.
The basal ganglia of the brain plays a critical role in the formation of...
implicit memory
explicit memory
Memory for skills (e.g., skills learned during infancy) is called...
declarative memory
prime memory
Which of the following describes the typical forgetting curve?
a steady, slow decline in retention over time
a steady, rapid decline in retention over time
a rapid initial decline in retention becoming stable thereafter
a slow initial decline in retention becoming rapid thereafter
Which of the following measures of retention is the least sensitive in triggering retrieval?
recall
recognition
relearning
they are equally sensitive
At your high school reunion you cannot remember the last name of your homeroom teacher. Your failure to remember is most likely the result of...
encoding failure
storage failure
retrieval failure
state-dependent memory
According to the serial position effect, when recalling a list of words you should have the greatest difficulty with those...
at the beginning of the list
at the end of the list
at the end and in the middle of the list
in the middle of the list
Experimenters gave people a list of words to be recalled. When the participants were tested after a delay, the items that were best recalled were those...
at the beginning and end of the list
Which type of word/verbal processing results in the greatest retention?
shallow
deep
visual
auditory
From the list below, which area of the brain is most relevant in the processing of implicit memories?
hippocampus
cerebellum
hypothalamus
amygdala
Repression is theorized to be an example of...
memory decay
motivated forgetting
all of the above
Long-term potentiation (LTP) refers to...
the disruptive influence of old memories on the formations of new memories
the disruptive influence of recent memories on the retrieval of old memories
our tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with our current mood
the increased efficiency of synaptic transmission between certain neurons following learning
Which of the following is the best example of a flashbulb memory?
suddenly remembering to buy bread while standing in the checkout line at the grocery store
recalling the name of someone from high school while looking at his or her yearbook snapshot
remembering where you were and what you were doing on September 11, 2001, when terrorists crashed planes into the World Trade Center towers.
remembering to make an important phone call
Walking through the halls of his high school 10 years after graduation, Tom experienced a flood of old memories. Tom’s experience showed the role of...
context effects
retroactive interference
Amnesia patients typically experience disruption of...
implicit memories
explicit memories
iconic memories
echoic memories
Brad, who suffered damage to the left side of his hippocampus, has trouble remembering...
visual designs
locations
all nonverbal information
verbal information
After finding her old combination lock, Janice can’t remember its combination because she keeps confusing it with the combination of her new lock. She is experiencing...
proactive interference
Being in a bad mood after a hard day of work, Susan could think of nothing positive in her life. This is best explained as an example of...
the spacing effect
mood-congruent memory
shallow processing
