The mass media has played a key role in enabling globalisation. Advances in what have transformed the world's concept of time and space?

What is the result of these advances?

What has assisted the globalisation of media outlets and products?

It is widely accepted that the media has enabled the globalisation of culture. Which two sociologists define culture?

What does the term 'culture' refer to?

What are the three types of culture most societies differentiate between?

What is meant by 'high culture'?

High culture products (e.g. ballet, opera, modern art paintings) are considered aesthetically superior to all other cultural products. Why?

Why is high culture seen as vital to the social and cultural health and wellbeing of a society?

The significance of high culture can be assessed by examining what?

Television devotes considerable time to high culture. Which channels regularly feature or are entirely dedicated to high culture?

What does 'folk culture' refer to?

Give examples of folk culture in the UK:

Why is folk culture considered authentic?

What evidence is there that folk culture is increasingly becoming globalised?

How is popular culture also referred to?

What does 'popular culture' refer to?

What are these products primarily focused on?

According to some sociologists, what is this type of culture manufactured for?

As a result of being manufactured for mass consumption, popular culture has little aesthetic nor artistic merit compared to the products of high culture. Rather, it is a "candyfloss culture" speaking to no one in particular. Which sociologist coined this term?

Entertainment media has become globalised through satellite TV, mobile phones, computer technology, films, music and user-generated social networking sites. What is the result of this?

A number of different perspectives comment on the effects of globalisation on popular culture. What two perspectives are covered in this chapter?

According to postmodernists, what has the rapid expansion in media technologies between 2005 and 2015 resulted in?

As a result, the media and the popular culture it generates are now more influential in shaping personal identities and lifestyles than traditional influences. The postmodern perspective can be divided into five distinct areas. What are they?

What is meant by 'the mass media and identity'?

What is meant by 'media saturation, the rejection of metanarratives and the relativity of knowledge'?

What is meant by 'participatory culture'?

Fuchs argues that participatory culture has made global culture and society more democratic. How?

Which sociologist argues that this participator culture creates new communities?

What has enhanced participatory culture, according to Jenkins?

Jenkins states that participatory culture empower consumers. What example does he give of this?

What is meant by 'the globalisation of media and popular protest'?

Which social media site in particular did Murthy empirically investigate?

Which sociologist also argued that new media has an incredible global reach, which can raise awareness of political issues?

What does Spencer-Thomas note about the mass anti-government demonstrations in Burma in 1988? How does this compare to the mass demonstrations in Burma in 2007?

What is meant by 'the effect of global media on local cultures'?

However, John Thompson states that global media products are often domesticated by local folk cultures. What does this result in?

Which two sociologists argue that local people typically do not abandon their cultural traditions, duties and religious beliefs, because they consume global media?

Instead of abandoning their culture, what do Cohen and Kennedy claim local people do?

As a result of the above factors, postmodernists do not believe that we are experiencing global homogenisation. Rather, what is the norm in our postmodern world?

Postmodernists are accused of exaggerating the degree of the social changes that they associate with global media and popular culture. What do surveys indicate?

The postmodernist analyses have also been deemed rather naive. Why?

These inequalities mean that access to the internet, digital television and so on is denied to many people in the UK and across the world. How many people aged 65+ in the UK don't have access to the internet at home?

The second perspective considered in this chapter is the cultural imperialist perspective. What heavily influenced this approach?

According to the Frankfurt school (and thus the cultural imperialist perspective) what can popular culture be seen as?

Marxists argue that popular culture encourages conformity and a lack of critical thinking, especially regarding capitalism. Instead, audiences are encouraged to subscribe to which three ways of thinking?

What is meant by 'commodity fetishism'?

What is meant by 'false needs'?

In order to maximise profits, these 'must-have' products are deliberately designed to have a short lifespan. For example, how many iPhones have been released in the past 11 years?

What is meant by 'conspicuous consumption'?

Cultural imperialists argue that 'globalisation' is actually 'Americanisation'. Which sociologist first presented this argument?

What does Flew mean by 'Americanisation'?

According to Robert McChesney, what is Americanisation a direct consequence of?

Americanisation is regarded as having a number of interrelated effects on cultures across the world. What are the two effects put forward in this chapter?

Firstly, cultural imperialists argue that mass advertising of western cultural icons such as Coca-Cola may result in the logos becoming powerful symbols to citizens of developing countries. What is this replacing the authenticity, vibrancy and diversity of local cultures with?

Which sociologist argues that this global media is about 'sameness' and the erosion of individuality?

There are a number of alternative terms that describe this process. What term did Ulf Hannerz use?

What term did George Ritzer use?

Secondly, cultural imperialists fear that Americanisation has increased Islamic fundamentalism. Which sociologist put forward this suggestion?

According to Barber, how do fundamentalists see American popular culture?

Christian Fuchs is critical of the postmodernist view that new media now allows for more consumer choice and greater democracy. What does he counter?

Why is Fuchs extremely dismissive of the idea of participatory popular culture?

Similarly, Andrew Keen argues that global media such as Twitter and facebook are ineffective tools for social change, contrary to postmodernist claims. Why does he hold this view?

What has Sherry Turkle voiced concerns about?

Not everyone agrees with the theories put forward by cultural imperialists. According to David Held et al, cultural imperialists suggest that the flow of culture is one-way, from the west to the developing world. Why does he criticise this?

What may the cultural imperialist perspective underestimate?