All of the following are example of voluntary associations EXCEPT the
Republican Party
League of Women Voters
Federal Bureau of Investigation
First Baptist Church of Atlanta
Little League Baseball Association
A sex ratio of 120 means that in a population there are
120 more males than females
120 more females than males
120 males for every 100 females
120 females for every 100 males
12% more males than females
Industrialization is most likely to reduce the importance of which of the following functions of the family?
Economic production
Care of young children
Regulation of sexual behavior
Socialization of the individual
Social control
The process by which an individual learns how to live in his or her social surroundings is known as
amalgamation
association
collective behavior
socialization
innovation
Which of the following can properly be considered norms? I. Laws II. Folkways III. Mores
I only
III only
I and II only
II and III only
I, II, and III
Which of the following theorists argued that class conflict was inevitable in a capitalistic society and would result in revolution?
C. Wright Mills
Karl Marx
Robert Park
Max Weber
Karl Mannheim
Which of the following relies most heavily on sampling methods?
Small group experiment
Laboratory experiment
Participant observation
Survey research
Case study
Which of the following is NOT characteristic of the Chicago School of Sociology
They studies urban neighborhoods in the city of Chicago.
They were influenced by Herbert Spencer and Fredric Clements.
They used ethnography and field methods in their research.
Talcott Parsons was a proponent of the school.
They were most influential during the twentieth century.
Which of the following allows human beings to adapt to diverse physical environments?
Instinct
Heredity
Culture
Stratification
Ethnocentrism
All of the following are properties of primary groups EXCEPT
They are important sources of social support.
They tend to be ethnocentric.
They significantly influence personality development.
They tend to be large in number.
They are frequently characterized by face-to-face relationships.
According to Émile Durkheim, a society that lacks clear-cut norms to govern aspirations and moral conduct is characterized by
rationalism
alturism
egoism
secularism
anomie
The process bu which an immigrant or an ethnic minority is absorbed socially into a receiving society is called
assimilation
accommodation
cooperation
interaction
equilibrium
The term "Sociology" was coined by its founder, the nineteenth-century positivist
Émile Durkheim
Auguste Comte
Harriet Martineau
George Herbert Mead
According to Émile Durkheim, the more homogenous a group the great its
organic solidarity
mechanical solidarity
functional differentiation
co-optation
stratification
Demographic patterns have clearly demonstrated that more males than females are born in
technologically developing countries only
technologically developed countries only
virtually every known human society
highly urbanized countries only
countries with high nutritional standards only
Max Weber's three dimensions of social stratification are which of the following?
Class, politics, education
Prestige, politics, occupation
Residence, occupation, religion
Status, class, power
Status, religion, prestige
The term "SMSA" used in the United States census refers to a
summary of many small areas
statistical mean of sampling error
summary of metropolitan shopping areas
standard measure of suburban areas
standard metropolitan statistical area
In order for an occupation to be considered a profession by a sociologist, it must be an occupation that
is based on abstract knowledge and a body of specialized information
has high public visibility in the community
requires training form a specialized school rather than from a university
serves government and industry as well as individuals
is a full0time position with a regular salary
In the study of social class, a sociologist would be LEAST likely to focus on
power
social mobility
style of life
motivation
occupational status
An example of a folkway in American society is
joining a religious cult
eating a sandwich for lunch
failing to pay income taxes on time
stopping for a red light
being fined for jaywalking
Socialization takes place
only in childhood
mainly in adolescence
mainly in early adulthood
mainly through the reproductive years
throughout the life cycle
A school system that teachers children of different ethnic groups in the children's own language and about their own particular ethnic heritage illustrates a policy of
structural assimilation
cultural assimilation
rationalization
ethnocentrism
Max Weber linked the emergence of capitalism to the
Calvinist doctrine of predestination
Catholic monks' belief in asceticism
Protestants' desire for material luxuries
increasing power of the nobility in medieval Europe
Hindu belief in reincarnation
The economy of the postindustrial United States is characterized by al of the following EXCEPT
computer-facilitated automation
relocation of manufacturing plants to less-developed countries
international competition in the manufacturing sector of the economy
increasing numbers of service compared to manufacturing jobs
increased job security due to globalization
Which statement about political participation in the United States is true?
Almost everyone of voting age in the United States is registered to vote.
Voter turnout in the United States is lower than in most European nations.
Voter turnout has increased dramatically in the last twenty years.
People of higher social class tend to participate less in voting than lower social classes.
Younger adults are more likely to vote the those over 65.
Which of the following is best described as an organized sphere of social life, or societal subsystem, designed to support important values and to meet human needs?
Social structure
Social organization
Social institution
Social culture
Economic corporation
Most of the funding for public schools in the United States comes from
lottery revenues
state income taxes
local sales taxes
local income taxes
local property taxes
According to max Weber, authority derived from the understanding that individuals have clearly defined rights and duties to uphold and that they implement rules and procedures impersonally is
traditional authority
charismatic authority
rational-legal authority
coercion
persuasion
Raw materials are processed and covered into finished goods in which sector of the economy?
Agricultural
Industrial
Public
Service
Information
In the United States, economic growth between 1985 and 2005 resulted in
growth in the gap between the rich and poor
a narrowing of the gap between the rich and the poor
no change in the gap between the rich and the poor
growth in the economic gap between men and women
no change in the economic gap between men and women
Within the scientific perspective, which of the following are the most important sources of knowledge?
Common sense and tradition
Empiricism and reason
Authority and structure
Paradigms and intuition
Existentialism and reference groups
Which of the following made up the largest number of immigrants to the United States in the 2000s?
Mexicans
Chinese
Italians
Canadians
Russians
Compared to the Untied States population in general, Asian Americans have
larger proportions of their populations in poverty
lower median family incomes
a higher level of formal educational achievement
fewer ties to their family's country of origin
a lower proportion of first-generation immigrants
In the world's economic system, which of the following is true about the relationship between high0income countries and low-income countries?
High-income countries depend on low-income countries to purchase natural resources from them.
high-income countries build manufacturing plants in low-income countries to obtain cheap labor
high-income countries encourage the development of state-owned economic enterprises in low-income countries
high-income countries are more likely than low-income countries to have an agriculturally based economy
high-income countries have less-diversified sources of income
Sociological studies of gender socialization show that
girls' games are more likely than boys' games to encourage assertive behaviors
girls' games are more likely than boys' games to emphasize strict observance of rules
girls are more likely than boys to learn to suppress emotions of sadness
girls are more likely to engage in competitive play and boys in cooperative play
girls are less likely than boys to receive attention form teachers
The increase in prejudice that sometimes resulted from court-ordered desegregation in public schools is a
manifest function of desegregation
latent dysfunction of desegregation
functional alternative to desegregation
secondary function of desegregation
rational exchange for desegregation
The practice of judging other culture by the standards of one's own culture is called
cultural relativism
cultural integration
transference
multiculturalism
In Gesellschaft, people are more likely than in Gemeinschaft to
have frequently face-to-face contact with those they know
see others as a means of advancing their own individual goals
be inside by primary group bonds
have altruistic concerns for others
be tradition-directed
Demographic transition theory explains population changes by
connecting them exclusively to changes in the food supply
linking population changes to technological development
focusing on the migration of people in and out of specified territories
tying population growth to changes in the sex ratio
referring to a culture's religious attitudes
Which theory assumes that deviance occurs among individuals who are blocked from achieving socially approved goals by legitimate means?
Hirschi's social control theory
Labeling theory
Merton's strain theory
Differential association theory
Cultural transmission theory
Sandra is female, she is African American, and she is sixteen years of age. These three characteristics are examples of Sandra's
role set
cultural roles
achieved statuses
ascribed statues
mobility aspirations
Cooley called a person's self0conception based on the responses of others
the divided self
self0esteem
the concrete operational stage
the looking-glass self
the "I" and "me"
The philosopher Thomas Hobbes believed that social order developed out of the
recognition of the transcendent power of God
biological need for humans to reproduce
desire to escape a state of continuous social conflict
discovery of agriculture
reaction to the industrial revolution
Max Weber's principle of verstehen was meant to
explain the subjective beliefs that motivate people to act
determine how society is dysfunctionally organized
focus on the inequality in society
search for the social structures that fulfill people's needs
identify the patterns of exchange among individuals or groups
According to sociological terminology, an analysis of the amount of violence in mass media, such as television shows, would be which of the following?
Content analysis
Secondary analysis
Quasi-experiment
Ethnographic interview
Which of the following is true of social norms for the structure of marriage?
They have consistently required monogamy across all periods of history and cross-culturally around the globe.
They have favored polyandry in those societies wanting to increase their birth rate.
They have frequently held polygyny as the societal ideal, although this pattern was functionally available to and practiced primarily by the most wealthy and powerful.
They have no impact in democratic societies, since democracies allow individuals to choose their own form of marriage.
They are based on the ideal of gender equality.
In the past 30 years, the infant mortality rate in the United States has
remained about the same as in other industrialized countries
declined for African American people but not for Caucasian people
declined amount Caucasian people, while increasing among African American people
declined amount Caucasian people, while remaining stable among African American people
declined amount both African American people and Caucasian people, while remaining twice as high amount African American people
In the United States, semiskilled positions held primarily by women, such as waitperson, cashier, and receptionist, are known as which type of occupation?
Blue-collar
Pink-collar
White-collar
Nonpatriarchal
Matriarchal
Tamara worked as a waitress for five years after high school before she went to college. After college, Tamara got a job as a sales representative for a pharmaceutical company. This best exemplifies which of the following types of mobility?
Intergenerational
Intragenerational
Unilateral
Horizontal
Structural
The concept of "glass ceiling" affecting women in the workforce is best illustrated by which of the following?
The instability of female-dominated jobs
The pay inequality between men and women for comparable jobs
The breakdown of gender stereotypes in the job market
The instability of marriages for women who are successful in the workforce
The barriers that limit career advancement for women
Which of the following statements is most accurate regarding patriarchy?
It is a form of political organization in which the state assumes paternal responsibility for citizens.
It is a form of social organization in which one's kinship lineage is traced through the family of the mother.
It is a form of social organization in which males control most formal and informal power.
It is found only in those societies that practice polyandry.
It is not found in those societies that practice polygyny.
Which of the following distinguished a crime from a deviant act?
The degree of harm caused by the act
The numbers of people who disapprove of the act
The definition of the act as criminal by a political entity
The social status of the person who committed the act
The social status of the person who is harmed by the act
A collection of people who happen to be walking down the street at the same time but who have nothing else in common is known as
a social movement
a social category
an aggregate
a primary group
a secondary group
"This may sound really strange, but..."
The statement above is an example of
a disclaimer
an account
an excuse
a justification
a concession
Nathan wants to study the behavior of city residents as they travel on the subway to work every day. What type of research would be most appropriate for Nathan's research project?
Experimental research
Field research
Survey method
Which of the following is true of a dependent variable?
It is spurious
It is influenced by another variable
It is manipulated
It causes other variables to increase
It is used to draw a sample from a population
Which of the following is an example of an informal positive sanction?
Marguerite receives a bronze medal for gymnastics at the Olympics.
Hank is awarded a high school diploma by the school board.
Halle receives a million dollars for her performance in a move.
Danisha receive a new car from her parents when she scores 1600 on the SAT.
William is sentences to one year of community service and a $5,000 fine for shoplifting.
In general, females perform better than males do on tests of
general intelligence
verbal ability
visual-spatial ability
scientific information
mathematics
Ken works on an assembly line in a paper factory in the midwestern United States. He believes that if he works hard enough, he will become very wealthy. According to Karl Marx, Ken's belief reflects which of the following?
False consciousnesses
Class consciousness
Collective consciousness
The castes system
Rational choice
Which of the following terms refers to something that has an unexpected detrimental effect on social institutions or society?
Secret function
Mainfest function
Manifest dysfunction
Latent function
Latent dysfunction
Which of the following terms refers to a philosophical system under which knowledge of the world and human behavior is derived from scientific observation in search of universal laws?
Theology
Determinism
Positivism
Phenomenology
Metaphysics
Mrs. Jones has a parent-teacher meeting scheduled at the school where she teachers. The meeting is scheduled at the same time as her daughter's piano recital. Mrs. Jones will have to decide how to judge the contradictory expectations of teacher and parent. This situation is referred to as
role strain
role conflict
status conflict
status set
Which of the following would most likely be an agent of involuntary resocialization?
Mass media
An institution of higher education
A peer group
A total institution
The family
All of the following characteristics are commonly attributed to postmodern culture EXCEPT
moral relativism
skepticism toward traditional authority
growing tolerance of diversity
loss of faith in absolutes
adherence to traditional gender roles
Joe is on trail for sealing drugs. He looks very different from when he was arrested, he has washed, cut, and combed his hair, and is wearing a clean, conservative suit and tie at the trial. Joe is engaged in
dysfunctional behavior
altruism
impression management
exchange
anticipatory socialization
A characteristic of a triad is that it
is prone ot coalition formation
allows more power per member than a dyad
is the smallest type of group
can develop the strongest relationships
has little impact on human behavior
Laura is conducting an experiment to determine the effect of caffeine on wakefulness. She gives half of her subjects a caffeinated beverage to drink. These subjects are the
control group
experimental group
independent variable
dependent variable
study population
The claim that the division of labor based on gender has survived because it is beneficial and efficient for human living is an example of
structural functionalism
conflict theory
ethnomethodology
symbolic interactionism
phenomenology
Communities that form adjacent to central cities are called
secondary groups
suburbs
neighborhoods
exurbs
development zones
According to world-systems theory, the global system is primarily
political
military
social
economic
cultural
Some sociologists view the family as an economic unit that contributes to social injustice because it is the basis for transferring power, property, and privilege from one generation to the next. Which of the following perspectives best describes that view?
Interactionist
Exchange
Structural functionalist
Conflict
Which of the following types of societies is least differentiated?
Horticultural
Pastoral
Hunting and gathering
Which of the following sociologists asserted that race is the most serious problems in the United States?
Jane Addams
W.E.B. DuBois
The early Chicago School researchers found that even though immigration changed the racial and ethnic composition of some areas of the city over time, the rates of crime in those areas remained relatively high. Which of the following interpretations of this finding is most consistent with the Chicago's School's social disorganization perspective?
Police deployment practices failed to control crime.
Police were biased against immigrants.
Immigrants did not have legitimate means to achieve their goals.
Immigrants were labeled as criminals even when their actions were not illegal.
Neighborhood social institutions were ineffective at preventing crime.
Societies that are postindustrial are distinguished from industrial ones by
an economy based largely on manufacturing
a universal return to traditional cultural values
the political power of people with low asset levels
the predominance of knowledge-based service industries
the promotional expansion of the agriculture sector of the economy
Two basic premised that underline capitalism are that
individuals pursue their desired occupations, and society rewards diligent workers
the free market demands more elaborate products over the years, and skill and hard work allow laborers to meet that demand
majority rule must be maintained for the free market to function properly, and individuals who desire wealth and prestige work hard
societal profits are distributed to each person according to need, and each person's skills determine his or her role in the workforce
goods are produced for profit, and the free market determines what is produced and at what price
Approximately what percent of the people in the United States line in metropolitan areas?
45%
50%
65%
85%
95%
Which of the following best describes what sociologists of education mean when they refer to the hidden curriculum?
The manifest results of education
The unintended consequence of schooling
Delayed transmission of knowledge
The formal curriculum
Miscommunication between teacher and student
A sociologist of religion who studies secularization is interested in which of the following?
The increasing prevalence of religious cults in a society
A society that changes form having a few religious practices to many religious practices
The development of more extreme religious practices in a society
A society that changes form closely identifying with nonreligious values to closely identifying with religious values
A society that changes form closely identifying with religious values to closely identifying with nonreligious values
The practice in which a woman is married to two or more men at the same time is known as
monogamy
polygyny
polyandry
serial monogamy
patriarchy
Which of the following theorists is most associated with structural functionalism?
Randall Collins
Herbert Blumer
Impression management is exhibited by a college student who
aces an exam after forgetting to study for it
anticipates graduating and getting a job
expects to do well on an exam and ends up doing so
anticipates linking a course and stops going to class
cleans the dorm room in preparation for Parent's Weekend
As a nurse, Rex works to respect and fulfill the different values, beliefs, and behaviors of his patients. Which of the following is Rex practicing?
Cultural competence
Alienation
Cultural lag
Assimilation
Which of the following levels of racial-ethnic relations is best exemplified by the 2008 election of President Barack Obama?
Assimiliation
Cultural transmission
Internal colonialism
Accommodation
Segregation
Which of the following approaches to stratification is most likely to suggest that, as a society becomes more stratified, it prevents the talents of those at the bottom from being known or used and thus potentially fails to benefit form the contributions of all its members?
Postmodernist
Demographic
A society in which women have more wealth, privilege, and political power than men have is said to be experiencing which of the following?
gender equality
Gender-role reversal
Gender stratification
Gender expectations
Gender dissonance
An advertisement for men's cologne depicts a woman as a pair of legs. This is an example of
objectification
subjectification
misrepresentation
characterization
minimization
According to Émile Durkheim, religion is characterized by a dichotomy between
good and evil
worship and blasphemy
the sacred and the profane
believers and nonbelievers
the profound and the banal
James's family disapproves of his marriage to Juanita because she is from a different social class. Which of the following best describes James's family's marriage practices?
Exogamy
Endogamy
Monogamy
Homogamy
Polygamy
Which of the following social practices is associated with overall lower divorce rates?
Getting married after the age of 30
Valuing individualism strongly
Interacting with extended family members infrequently
Having a high participation of females in the labor-force
LIving in regions with more women than men
When all members of a country belong to a single religion and that religion is considered the official religion for the country, the religion is referred to as
an ecclesia
a denomination
a sect
a cult
an alternative religion
In An Essay on the Principles of Population, Thomas Malthus argues that
human population and food production grow at about the same rate
food production always grows faster than human population growth
human population grows exponentially while food production grows linearly
famines tend to be causes by problems in food distribution rather than food production
free market in farmland would encourage the development of productive agricultural technologies
Marxist sociological theory attributes social stratification to
an innate human tendency toward greed
political disagreements over ideology
private ownership of the means of production
disparities in ability and talent between different individuals
variation in the functional importance of occupational positions
Which of the following factors currently has the strongest influence on individual income?
Race
Gender
Attractiveness
Inherited social class
Level of educational attainment
Elizabeth last her home, her job, and all of her material possessions during an economic downturn. As a result, she experiences which of the following types of mobility?
Vertical
Meritocratic
Which of the following is most likely to slow the world's population growth?
Elevating the cost of childbirth
Raising all nations out of poverty
Denying medical care to sick people over the age of 65
Requiring all teens to take abstinence-only sex education classes
Encouraging adherence to traditional religious authorities throughout the world
Which of the following views stratification as being developed and maintained through everyday interactions?
Feminist theory
Dependency theory
Structural functionalism
Symbolic interactionism
