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Biology Quiz am Bio Exam 2 Part 1, erstellt von Hannah Moore am 13/02/2018.

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Bio Exam 2 Part 1

Frage 1 von 200

1

Which of the following is a major trend in land plant evolution?

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • A) the trend toward smaller size

  • B) the trend toward a gametophyte-dominated life cycle

  • C) the trend toward a sporophyte-dominated life cycle

  • D) the trend toward larger gametophytes

Erklärung

Frage 2 von 200

1

Which of the following lines of evidence would best support your assertion that a particular plant is an angiosperm?

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • A) It produces seeds.

  • B) It retains its fertilized egg within its archegonium.

  • C) It lacks gametangia.

  • D) It undergoes alternation of generations.

Erklärung

Frage 3 von 200

1

Which of the following characteristics is functionally important in cells of the gametophytes of both angiosperms and gymnosperms?

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • A) diploid nuclei

  • B) mitochondria

  • C) endosperm

  • D) chloroplasts

Erklärung

Frage 4 von 200

1

In addition to seeds, which of the following characteristics is unique to the seed-producing plants?

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • A) sporopollenin

  • B) lignin present in cell walls

  • C) pollen

  • D) megaphylls

Erklärung

Frage 5 von 200

1

Suppose that the cells of seed plants, like the cells of human skin, produce a pigment upon increased exposure to ultraviolet radiation. Rank the following cells, from greatest to least, in terms of the likelihood of producing this pigment.

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • A) epidermal cells of sporophyte megaphylls, cells of a gametophyte, cells of a megasporangium, cells in the interior of a subterranean root

  • B) epidermal cells of sporophyte megaphylls, cells of a gametophyte, cells in the interior of a subterranean root, cells of a megasporangium

  • C) epidermal cells of sporophyte megaphylls, cells of a megasporangium, cells of a gametophyte, cells in the interior of a subterranean root

  • D) epidermal cells of sporophyte megaphylls, cells in the interior of a subterranean root, cells of a megasporangium, cells of a gametophyte

Erklärung

Frage 6 von 200

1

Arrange the following in the correct sequence, from earliest to most recent, in which these plant traits originated.

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • A) sporophyte dominance, gametophyte independence; sporophyte dominance, gametophyte dependence; gametophyte dominance, sporophyte dependence

  • B) sporophyte dominance, gametophyte dependence; sporophyte dominance, gametophyte independence; gametophyte dominance, sporophyte dependence

  • C) gametophyte dominance, sporophyte dependence; sporophyte dominance, gametophyte dependence; sporophyte dominance, gametophyte independence

  • D) gametophyte dominance, sporophyte dependence; sporophyte dominance, gametophyte independence; sporophyte dominance, gametophyte dependence

Erklärung

Frage 7 von 200

1

In seed plants, which of the following is part of a pollen grain and has a function most like that of the seed coat?

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • A) sporophyll

  • B) sporopollenin

  • C) stigma

  • D) sporangium

Erklärung

Frage 8 von 200

1

In terms of alternation of generations, the internal parts of the pollen grains of seed-producing plants are most similar to a ________.

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • A) moss sporophyte

  • B) moss gametophyte bearing both male and female gametangia

  • C) fern sporophyte

  • D) fern gametophyte bearing only antheridia

Erklärung

Frage 9 von 200

1

A researcher has developed two stains for use with seed plants. One stains sporophyte tissue blue; the other stains gametophyte tissue red. If the researcher exposes pollen grains to both stains, and then rinses away the excess stain, what should occur?

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • A) The pollen grains will be pure red.

  • B) The pollen grains will be pure blue.

  • C) The pollen grains will have red interiors and blue exteriors.

  • D) The pollen grains will have blue interiors and red exteriors.

Erklärung

Frage 10 von 200

1

Which of the following sex and generation combinations directly produces the pollen tube of angiosperms?

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • A) male gametophyte

  • B) female gametophyte

  • C) male sporophyte

  • D) female sporophyte

Erklärung

Frage 11 von 200

1

The advantages of the reduced gametophytes in seed plants include ________.

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • A) protection from ultraviolet radiation, gain of nutrients from its own photosynthesis, and protection from drying out

  • B) protection from ultraviolet radiation, gain of nutrients from the sporophyte, and protection from drying out

  • C) protection of the spores from ultraviolet radiation and drying out, and gain of nutrients from the sporophyte

  • D) development of the seed

Erklärung

Frage 12 von 200

1

The advantages of seeds, compared to spores, include ________.

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • A) using wind as a dispersal agent

  • B) containing a nutrient store for a developing sporophyte

  • C) relying on animals for pollination

  • D) providing nutrition for animals

Erklärung

Frage 13 von 200

1

Unlike almost all ferns, seed plants ________.

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • A) produce two kinds of spores

  • B) have large gametophytes

  • C) have vascular tissue

  • D) can photosynthesize

Erklärung

Frage 14 von 200

1

One day, you go outside and see that the cars on the street are covered in a yellow "dust." Which of the following statements can be correctly applied to this "dust"?

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • A) The dust is pine pollen and is so abundant because the pines are wind-pollinated.

  • B) The dust is the spore production of ferns and is so abundant because the spores are wind-dispersed.

  • C) The dust is the seed production of ferns and is so abundant because the seeds are tiny and take very little energy to produce.

  • D) The dust is the seed production of pines and is so abundant because the seeds are tiny and take very little energy to produce.

Erklärung

Frage 15 von 200

1

Use the following information to answer the question.

In the United States and Canada, bats use one of two strategies to survive winter. They either migrate south, or they hibernate. Recently, those that hibernate seem to have come under attack by a fungus, Geomyces destructans (Gd), an attack that is occurring from Missouri to New England, Canada, and even the state of Washington. Many infected bats have a delicate, white filamentous mat on their muzzles, which is referred to as white-nose syndrome (WNS). The fungus invades the bat tissues, causes discomfort, and awakens the bat from its hibernation. The bat fidgets and wastes calories, using up its stored fat. The bat then behaves abnormally, leaving its cave during daytime in winter to search for food. Their food, primarily insects, is scarce during the winter, and the bats ultimately starve to death. Since 2006, it is estimated that over six million bats have perished from WNS.

The Gd mat on the fur of the bats should be expected to consist of ________.

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • A) hyphae

  • B) haustoria

  • C) yeasts

  • D) basidia

Erklärung

Frage 16 von 200

1

What do fungi and arthropods have in common?

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • A) The haploid state is dominant in both groups.

  • B) Both groups are predominantly autotrophs that produce their own food.

  • C) Both groups use chitin for support.

  • D) Both groups have cell walls.

Erklärung

Frage 17 von 200

1

Fungi have an extremely high surface-to-volume ratio. What is the advantage of this characteristic to an organism that gets most of its nutrition through absorption?

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • A) The high ratio allows for more material to be acquired from the surroundings and transported through the cell membrane.

  • B) The lower volume prevents the cells from drying out too quickly, which can interfere with absorption.

  • C) This high ratio creates more room inside the cells for additional organelles involved in absorption.

  • D) This high ratio means that fungi have a thick, fleshy structure that allows the fungi to store more of the food it absorbs.

Erklärung

Frage 18 von 200

1

If all fungi in an environment that perform decomposition were to suddenly die, then which group of organisms should benefit most, due to the fact that their fungal competitors have been removed?

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • A) flowering plants

  • B) protists

  • C) prokaryotes

  • D) grasses

Erklärung

Frage 19 von 200

1

When a mycelium infiltrates an unexploited source of dead organic matter, what are most likely to appear within the food source soon thereafter?

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • A) fungal haustoria

  • B) fungal enzymes

  • C) increased oxygen levels

  • D) larger bacterial populations

Erklärung

Frage 20 von 200

1

A fungal spore germinates, giving rise to a mycelium that grows outward into the soil surrounding the site where the spore originally landed. Which of the following accounts for the fungal movement, as described here?

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • A) karyogamy

  • B) mycelial flagella

  • C) breezes distributing spores

  • D) cytoplasmic streaming in hyphae

Erklärung

Frage 21 von 200

1

When pathogenic fungi are found growing on the roots of grape vines, grape farmers sometimes respond by covering the ground around their vines with plastic sheeting and pumping a gaseous fungicide into the soil. The most important concern of grape farmers who engage in this practice should be that the ________.

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • A) fungicide might also kill the native yeasts residing on the surfaces of the grapes

  • B) lichens growing on the vines' branches are not harmed

  • C) fungicide might also kill mycorrhizae

  • D) sheeting is transparent so that photosynthesis can continue

Erklärung

Frage 22 von 200

1

The adaptive advantage associated with the filamentous nature of fungal mycelia is primarily related to ________.

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • A) the ability to form haustoria and parasitize other organisms

  • B) the potential to inhabit almost all terrestrial habitats

  • C) the increased probability of contact between different mating types

  • D) an extensive surface area well suited for invasive growth and absorptive nutrition

Erklärung

Frage 23 von 200

1

Some fungal species live in plants and can kill herbivores that feed on the plant. What type of relationship does this fungus have with its host?

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • A) parasitic

  • B) mutualistic

  • C) commensal

  • D) predatory

Erklärung

Frage 24 von 200

1

Some companies advertise and sell mycorrhizae to home gardeners and commercial farms, claiming that the presence of mycorrhizae improves plant growth and survival. If the company conducted experiments on plants with and without mycorrhizae, which of the following measurements would support their claim?

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • A) smaller apple size in plants with mycorrhizae than in plants without mycorrhizae

  • B) increased production of corn ears in plants with mycorrhizae than in plants without mycorrhizae

  • C) increased need for fertilizer in plants with mycorrhizae than in plants without mycorrhizae

  • D) increased mortality in plants with mycorrhizae than in plants without mycorrhizae

Erklärung

Frage 25 von 200

1

Some nematode worms suck plant juices from the roots of plants and are economically important agricultural pests. Some fungi are usually decomposers of plant material, but some trap and kill nematodes at times. Arthrobotrys traps and kills nematodes, especially when they lack nitrogen sources. These two facts suggest that farmers could find Arthrobotrys an important tool in combating nematode infestations. Which of the following research questions would make a good starting point for developing such a defense against plant-sucking nematodes?

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • A) Does nitrogen fertilization of crops affect the likelihood that Arthrobotrys will trap and kill nematodes?

  • B) Do nitrogen-fixing bacteria provide nitrogen to the fungi?

  • C) What is the evolutionarily oldest method of trapping nematodes?

  • D) What mechanisms do nematodes have that could allow them to escape from Arthrobotrys?

Erklärung

Frage 26 von 200

1

A researcher is trying to construct a molecular-based phylogeny of the entire animal kingdom. Assuming that none of the following genes are absolutely conserved, which of the following would be the best choice on which to base the phylogeny?

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • A) genes involved in chitin synthesis

  • B) collagen genes

  • C) genes involved in directing segmentation development

  • D) genes involved in eye-lens synthesis

Erklärung

Frage 27 von 200

1

Which of the following is (are) unique to animals?

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • A) the structural carbohydrate, chitin

  • B) nervous system signal conduction and muscular movement

  • C) heterotrophy

  • D) flagellated gametes

Erklärung

Frage 28 von 200

1

The larvae of some insects are merely small versions of the adult, whereas the larvae of other insects look completely different from adults, eat different foods, and may live in different habitats. Which of the following is most directly involved in the evolution of these variations in metamorphosis?

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • A) artificial selection of sexually immature forms of insects

  • B) changes in the homeobox genes controlling early development

  • C) the evolution of meiosis

  • D) the origin of a brain

Erklärung

Frage 29 von 200

1

Both animals and fungi are heterotrophic. What distinguishes animal heterotrophy from fungal heterotrophy is that most animals derive their nutrition by ________.

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • A) preying on animals

  • B) ingesting materials

  • C) consuming living, rather than dead, prey

  • D) using enzymes to digest their food

Erklärung

Frage 30 von 200

1

Use the information to answer the question.

Trichoplax adhaerens is the only living species in the phylum Placozoa. Individuals are about 1 mm wide and only 27 µm high, are irregularly shaped, and consist of a total of about 2,000 cells, which are diploid (2n = 12). There are four types of cells, none of which are nerve or muscle cells, and none of which have cell walls. Individual animals move using cilia, and any "edge" can lead. T. adhaerens feeds on marine microbes, mostly unicellular green algae, by crawling atop the algae and trapping it between its ventral surface and the substrate. Enzymes are then secreted onto the algae, and the resulting nutrients are absorbed. T. adhaerens sperm cells have never been observed, nor have embryos past the 64-cell (blastula) stage.

Which of the following T. adhaerens traits is different from all other known animals?

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • A) T. adhaerens is multicellular.

  • B) T. adhaerens lacks muscle and nerve cells.

  • C) T. adhaerens has cilia.

  • D) T. adhaerens lacks cell walls.

Erklärung

Frage 31 von 200

1

What do animals ranging from corals to monkeys have in common?

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • A) a mouth and an anus

  • B) number of embryonic tissue layers

  • C) some type of body symmetry

  • D) presence of Hox genes

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Frage 32 von 200

1

In individual insects of some species, whole chromosomes that carry larval genes are eliminated from the genomes of somatic cells at the time of metamorphosis. A consequence of this occurrence is that ________.

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • A) we could not clone a larva from the somatic cells of such an adult insect

  • B) such species must reproduce only asexually

  • C) the descendants of these adults do not include a larval stage

  • D) metamorphosis can no longer occur among the descendants of such adults

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Frage 33 von 200

1

The fact that choanoflagellates and collar cells of sponges resemble each other supports the inference that ________.

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • A) choanoflagellates are animals

  • B) choanoflagellates are more closely related to sponges than they are to protists

  • C) choanoflagellates and sponges are sister groups

  • D) choanoflagellates and sponges evolved similar cell structures through convergent evolution

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Frage 34 von 200

1

Which of the following would you classify as something other than an animal?

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • A) sponge

  • B) coral

  • C) jellyfish

  • D) choanoflagellate

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Frage 35 von 200

1

The evolution of animal species has been prolific (current estimates of species numbers reach into the tens of millions). Much of this diversity is a result of the evolution of novel ways to ________.

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • A) reproduce

  • B) arrange cells into tissues

  • C) sense, feed, and move

  • D) form an embryo and establish a basic body plan

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Frage 36 von 200

1

The last common ancestor of all animals was probably a ________.

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • A) unicellular chytrid

  • B) multicellular algae

  • C) multicellular fungus

  • D) flagellated protist

Erklärung

Frage 37 von 200

1

Evidence of which structure or characteristic would be most surprising to find among fossils of the Ediacaran fauna?

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • A) true tissues

  • B) hard parts

  • C) bilateral symmetry

  • D) embryos

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Frage 38 von 200

1

One hypothesis suggests that the Cambrian explosion was caused by the rise of predator-prey relationships. This hypothesis is best supported by an increased incidence of which of the following fossil traces?

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • A) worm burrows

  • B) larger animals

  • C) organic material

  • D) hard parts

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Frage 39 von 200

1

Which of the following genetic processes may be most helpful in accounting for the Cambrian explosion?

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • A) binary fission

  • B) random segregation

  • C) gene duplication

  • D) chromosomal condensation

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Frage 40 von 200

1

Whatever its ultimate cause(s), the Cambrian explosion is a prime example of ________.

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • A) mass extinction

  • B) evolutionary stasis

  • C) adaptive radiation

  • D) a large meteor impact

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Frage 41 von 200

1

Arthropods invaded land about 100 million years before vertebrates. This fact most clearly implies that ________.

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • A) arthropods evolved before vertebrates did

  • B) extant terrestrial arthropods are better adapted to terrestrial life than are extant terrestrial vertebrates

  • C) vertebrates evolved from arthropods

  • D) arthropods have had more time to coevolve with land plants than have vertebrates

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Frage 42 von 200

1

Cadherin proteins help animal cells stick (adhere) to each other. Choose which statement about cadherin in cancer cells that are metastasizing (spreading) throughout a patient's body is most likely correct.

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • A) Cadherin proteins in metastasizing cancer cells are likely to have mutations that make them less "sticky."

  • B) Cadherin proteins in metastasizing cancer cells are likely to have mutations that make them more "sticky."

  • C) Mutations in cadherin proteins are unlikely to affect the metastasizing of cancer cells.

  • D) Mutations in cadherin proteins accumulate at a constant rate that can be measured by a molecular clock.

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Frage 43 von 200

1

Which of the following factors most likely contributed to the extinction of many Ediacaran life forms?

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • A) predation by new species, poisoning from high carbon dioxide levels, and loss of developmental flexibility

  • B) predation by new species, poisoning from high oxygen levels, and loss of habitat due to increased temperatures

  • C) predation by new species, faster movement by new species, and increased developmental flexibility by new species

  • D) loss of habitat due to increased temperatures, poisoning from high oxygen levels, and loss of developmental flexibility

Erklärung

Frage 44 von 200

1

Which tissue type or organ is not correctly matched with its germ layer tissue?

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • A) nervous—mesoderm

  • B) muscular—mesoderm

  • C) stomach—endoderm

  • D) skin—ectoderm

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Frage 45 von 200

1

While looking at some seawater through your microscope, you spot the egg of an unknown animal. Which of the following tests could you use to determine whether the developing organism is a protostome or a deuterostome? See whether the embryo ________.

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • A) develops germ layers

  • B) exhibits spiral cleavage or radial cleavage

  • C) develops a blastopore

  • D) develops an archenteron

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Frage 46 von 200

1

In examining an unknown animal species during its embryonic development, how can you be sure what you are looking at is a protostome and not a deuterostome?

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • A) There is evidence of cephalization.

  • B) The animal is triploblastic.

  • C) The animal is clearly bilaterally symmetrical.

  • D) You see a mouth, but not an anus.

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Frage 47 von 200

1

Which of the following is a feature of the "tube-within-a-tube" body plan in most animal phyla?

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • A) The outer tube consists of a hard exoskeleton.

  • B) The outer tube consists of digestive organs.

  • C) The mouth and anus form the ends of the inner tube.

  • D) The two "tubes" are separated by tissue that comes from embryonic endoderm.

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Frage 48 von 200

1

If you think of the earthworm body plan as a drinking straw within a pipe, where would you expect to find most of the tissues that developed from endoderm?

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • A) lining the straw

  • B) lining the space between the pipe and the straw

  • C) forming the outside of the pipe

  • D) forming the outside of the straw

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Frage 49 von 200

1

Among protostomes, which morphological trait has shown the most variation?

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • A) type of symmetry (bilateral versus radial versus none)

  • B) type of body cavity (coelom versus pseudocoelom versus no coelom)

  • C) number of embryonic tissue types (diploblasty versus triploblasty)

  • D) type of development (protostome versus deuterostome)

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Frage 50 von 200

1

What do all deuterostomes have in common?

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • A) Adults are bilaterally symmetrical.

  • B) Embryos have pharyngeal pouches that may or may not form gill slits.

  • C) All have a spinal column.

  • D) The pore (blastopore) formed during gastrulation becomes the anus.

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Frage 51 von 200

1

Soon after the coelom begins to form, a researcher injects a dye into the coelom of a deuterostome embryo. Initially, the dye should be able to flow directly into the ________.

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • A) blastopore

  • B) blastocoel

  • C) archenteron

  • D) pseudocoelom

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Frage 52 von 200

1

You have before you a living organism, which you examine carefully. Which of the following should convince you that the organism is acoelomate?

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • A) It is triploblastic.

  • B) It has bilateral symmetry.

  • C) It possesses sensory structures at its anterior end.

  • D) Muscular activity of its digestive system distorts the body wall.

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Frage 53 von 200

1

Use the information to answer the question.

One small animal phylum (Placozoa) contains only two species, Trichoplax adhaerens (T. adhaerens) and T. reptans. T. adhaerens is the only species seen in over a century. Individuals are about 1 mm wide and only 27 μm high, are irregularly shaped, and consist of a total of about 2,000 cells, which are diploid (2n = 12). There are four types of cells, none of which are nerve or muscle cells, and none of which have cell walls. Individual animals move using cilia, and any "edge" can lead. T. adhaerens feeds on marine microbes, mostly unicellular green algae, by crawling atop the algae and trapping it between its ventral surface and the substrate. Enzymes are then secreted onto the algae, and the resulting nutrients are absorbed. T. adhaerens sperm cells have never been observed. Embryos up to, but not past, the 64-cell (blastula) stage have been observed.

On the basis of information in the paragraph, which of these should be able to be observed in T. adhaerens?

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • A) a coelom

  • B) the process of gastrulation

  • C) eggs

  • D) a radially symmetric larval form

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Frage 54 von 200

1

A student encounters an animal embryo at the eight-cell stage. The four smaller cells that comprise 1 hemisphere of the embryo seem to be rotated 45° and to lie in the grooves between larger, underlying cells. This embryo may potentially develop into a(n) ________.

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • A) turtle

  • B) earthworm

  • C) sea star

  • D) sea urchin

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Frage 55 von 200

1

A student encounters an animal embryo at the eight-cell stage. The four smaller cells that comprise 1 hemisphere of the embryo seem to be rotated 45° and to lie in the grooves between larger, underlying cells. If we were to separate these eight cells and attempt to culture them individually, then what is most likely to happen?

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • A) All eight cells will die immediately.

  • B) Each cell may continue development, but only into a nonviable embryo that lacks many parts.

  • C) Each cell may develop into a full-sized, normal embryo.

  • D) Each cell may develop into a smaller-than-average, but otherwise normal, embryo.

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Frage 56 von 200

1

What was an early selective advantage of a coelom in animals? A coelom ________.

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • A) contributed to a hydrostatic skeleton, allowing greater range of motion

  • B) was a more efficient digestive system

  • C) allowed cephalization and the formation of a cerebral ganglion

  • D) allowed asexual and sexual reproduction

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Frage 57 von 200

1

The protostome developmental sequence arose just once in evolutionary history, resulting in two main subgroups—Lophotrochozoa and Ecdysozoa. What does this finding suggest?

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • A) These two subgroups have a common ancestor that was a deuterostome.

  • B) The protostomes are a polyphyletic group.

  • C) Division of these two groups occurred after the protostome developmental sequence appeared.

  • D) The lophotrochozoans are monophyletic.

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Frage 58 von 200

1

Which of these statements, if accurate, would support the claim that the ancestral cnidarians had bilateral symmetry?

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • A) Cnidarian larvae possess anterior-posterior, left-right, and dorsal-ventral aspects.

  • B) Cnidarians have fewer Hox genes than bilaterians.

  • C) All cnidarians are acoelomate.

  • D) The presence of collar cells.

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Frage 59 von 200

1

An organism that exhibits a head with sensory equipment and a brain probably also ________.

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • A) is bilaterally symmetrical

  • B) has a coelom

  • C) is segmented

  • D) is diploblastic

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Frage 60 von 200

1

Suppose a researcher for a pest-control company developed a chemical that inhibited the development of an embryonic mosquito's endodermal cells. Which of the following would be a likely mechanism by which this pesticide works?

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • A) The mosquito would develop a weakened exoskeleton that would make it vulnerable to trauma.

  • B) The mosquito would have trouble digesting food, due to impaired gut function.

  • C) The mosquito would have trouble with respiration and circulation, due to impaired muscle function.

  • D) The mosquito wouldn't be affected at all.

Erklärung

Frage 61 von 200

1

Use the information to answer the question.

Trichoplax adhaerens is the only living species in the phylum Placozoa. Individuals are about 1 mm wide and only 27 μm high, are irregularly shaped, and consist of a total of about 2,000 cells, which are diploid (2n = 12). There are four types of cells, none of which are nerve or muscle cells, and none of which have cell walls. Individual animals move using cilia, and any "edge" can lead. T. adhaerens feeds on marine microbes, mostly unicellular green algae, by crawling atop the algae and trapping it between its ventral surface and the substrate. Enzymes are then secreted onto the algae, and the resulting nutrients are absorbed. T. adhaerens sperm cells have never been observed, nor have embryos past the 64-cell (blastula) stage.

T. adhaerens' body symmetry seems to be most like that of ________.

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • A) most sponges

  • B) cnidarians

  • C) worms

  • D) tetrapods

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Frage 62 von 200

1

Use the information to answer the question.

Nudibranchs, a type of predatory sea slug, can have various protuberances (that is, extensions) on their dorsal surfaces. Rhinophores are paired structures, located close to the head, which bear many chemoreceptors. Dorsal plumules, usually located posteriorly, perform respiratory gas exchange. Cerata usually cover much of the dorsal surface and contain nematocysts at their tips.

If nudibranch rhinophores are located at the anterior ends of these sea slugs, then they contribute to the sea slugs' ________.

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • A) segmentation

  • B) lack of torsion

  • C) development of a head

  • D) identity as lophotrochozoans

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Frage 63 von 200

1

What is the probable sequence in which the following animal clades originated, from earliest to most recent?

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • A) bilaterians, deuterostomes, vertebrates, tetrapods, amniotes

  • B) bilaterians, deuterostomes, amniotes, vertebrates, tetrapods

  • C) deuterostomes, bilaterians, amniotes, vertebrates, tetrapods

  • D) deuterostomes, bilaterians, vertebrates, tetrapods, amniotes

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Frage 64 von 200

1

The most ancient branch point in animal phylogeny is the characteristic of having ________.

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • A) radial or bilateral symmetry

  • B) diploblastic or triploblastic embryos

  • C) true tissues or no tissues

  • D) a body cavity or no body cavity

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Frage 65 von 200

1

When a scientist describes the "body plan" of a phylum, he or she is implying that ________.

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • A) organisms direct their own evolution in order to maximize their success

  • B) animals evolve according to a pre-ordained plan

  • C) the body shapes we see now have been more successful than others in the past

  • D) mutations have arisen that allow only some shapes to be produced

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Frage 66 von 200

1

Which of the following statements comparing symmetry in sessile and swimming animals is most probable?

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • A) Radial symmetry is more advantageous for active swimming than is bilateral symmetry.

  • B) Radial symmetry occurs most frequently in animals that catch their prey by rapid swimming.

  • C) Bilateral symmetry allowed animals to evolve nerves.

  • D) Bilaterally symmetric animals can be streamlined for swimming, but radially symmetric animals cannot.

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Frage 67 von 200

1

The primary difference between a coelom and a pseudocoelom is ________.

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • A) their developmental origin

  • B) the manner in which they cushion the internal organs

  • C) a coelom arises in the ectoderm, and a pseudocoelom arises in the endoderm

  • D) a coelom occurs in triploblastic animals, and a pseudocoelom occurs in diploblastic animals

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Frage 68 von 200

1

Nine-banded armadillos give birth to four offspring at a time. An amazing fact about these offspring is that they are genetically identical to each other. This fact suggests ________.

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • A) the young undergo metamorphosis

  • B) the embryo undergoes radial and indeterminate cleavage

  • C) the first cell division of the fertilized egg is perpendicular to the vertical axis of the egg

  • D) the species is pseudocoelomate

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Frage 69 von 200

1

You find a new species of worm and want to classify it. Which of the following lines of evidence would allow you to classify the worm as a nematode and not an annelid?

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • A) It is segmented.

  • B) It is triploblastic.

  • C) It has a coelom.

  • D) It sheds its external skeleton to grow.

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Frage 70 von 200

1

The common ancestor of the protostomes had a coelom. What does this suggest?

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • A) All lophotrochozoans have a coelom.

  • B) There are no pseudocoelomates within the protostomes.

  • C) There are no acoelomates within the protostomes.

  • D) The body cavity evolved before the lophophore.

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Frage 71 von 200

1

The last common ancestor of all bilaterians is thought to have had four Hox genes. Most extant cnidarians have two Hox genes, though some have three Hox genes. On the basis of these observations, some have proposed that the ancestral cnidarian's were originally bilateral and, in stages, lost Hox genes from their genomes. If true, this would mean that ________.

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • A) all radially symmetric animals should be grouped together in one clade

  • B) the radial symmetry of extant cnidarians is secondarily derived, rather than being an ancestral trait

  • C) Hox genes play little actual role in coding for an animal's "body plan"

  • D) cnidaria may someday replace porifera as the basal bilaterians

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Frage 72 von 200

1

Some researchers claim that sponge genomes have homeotic genes, but no Hox genes. If true, this finding would ________.

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • A) mean that sponges must no longer be classified as animals

  • B) confirm the identity of sponges as "basal animals"

  • C) mean that extinct sponges must have been the last common ancestor of animals and fungi

  • D) require sponges to be reclassified as choanoflagellates

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Frage 73 von 200

1

Why might researchers choose to use molecular data (such as ribosomal RNA sequences) rather than morphological data to study the evolutionary history of animals?

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • A) Molecular data can be gathered in the lab, while morphological data must be gathered in the field.

  • B) Molecular data can be used to give an estimate of the time since two groups split.

  • C) Morphological changes usually do not result from molecular changes.

  • D) Some phyla vary too widely in morphological characteristics to be classified accurately.

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Frage 74 von 200

1

If in the future the current molecular evidence regarding animal origins is further substantiated, which of the following statements would be correct with reference to fossil evidence that contradicts molecular evidence?

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • A) The contrary fossil evidence will be seen as a hoax.

  • B) The fossil evidence will be understood to have been interpreted incorrectly because it is incomplete.

  • C) The fossil record will, henceforth, be ignored.

  • D) Phylogenies involving even the smallest bit of fossil evidence will need to be discarded.

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Frage 75 von 200

1

Which of the following statements concerning animal taxonomy is accurate?

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • A) Animals are thought to have evolved from flagellated protists similar to modern choanoflagellates.

  • B) Kingdom Animalia is polyphyletic.

  • C) Animals are more closely related to plants than to fungi.

  • D) In the kingdom Animalia, most clades based on body plan or fossils have been found to be incorrect.

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Frage 76 von 200

1

In the future, phylogenetic studies should be conducted to ________.

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • A) resolve the branching patterns (evolutionary history) of the Lophotrochozoa

  • B) discover the Hox genes in sponges

  • C) discover the relationships between nematodes and platyhelminthes

  • D) discover the larval stages of echinoderms

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Frage 77 von 200

1

At one time, sponges were lumped into one phylum. Then, they were separated into several different phyla. Now, they are considered one phylum again. These changes indicate which of the following?

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • A) Every phylogeny should be considered a hypothesis that must be revised in the light of new data.

  • B) We need more fossil evidence of sponges.

  • C) Molecular and morphological data often conflict when we try to reconstruct evolutionary history.

  • D) The goal of making all taxonomic groups monophyletic is unrealistic.

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Frage 78 von 200

1

Sponges and ctenophores have both been proposed as basal metazoans. Which of the following types of data support the idea that sponges are the basal group?

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • A) sequences of cadherin genes, cleavage type, structure of collar cells, and bilateral symmetry of adults

  • B) sequences of collagen genes, bilateral symmetry of adults, cleavage type, and fossil steroids

  • C) fossil steroids, molecular clock, lack of tissues in sponges, and structure of collar cells

  • D) structure of collar cells, bilateral symmetry of larvae, sequences of cadherin genes, and molecular clock

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Frage 79 von 200

1

Sponges and ctenophores have both been proposed as basal metazoans. Imagine that you wanted to provide additional evidence to help resolve this question. Which of the following projects would be the best next step?

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • A) more extensive study of DNA sequences in the bilateria

  • B) ultrastructural (that is, electron microscope) comparisons of choanoflagellates and sperm cells from arthropods

  • C) measurements of molecular clocks from the Lophotrochozoa

  • D) more extensive studies of DNA sequences in both groups

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Frage 80 von 200

1

Placing sponges as the basal metazoans on the basis of lack of tissues implies which of the following?

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • A) Sponge ancestors never had tissues.

  • B) Modern-day sponges have lost the ability to form tissues.

  • C) Multicellular, modern-day choanoflagellates can form tissues.

  • D) Sponges do not have nerve cells.

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Frage 81 von 200

1

One of the characteristics unique to animals is

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • A) gastrulation.

  • B) multicellularity.

  • C) sexual reproduction.

  • D) flagellated sperm.

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Frage 82 von 200

1

The distinction between sponges and other animal phyla is based mainly on the absence versus the presence of

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • A) a body cavity.

  • B) a complete digestive tract.

  • C) mesoderm.

  • D) tissues.

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Frage 83 von 200

1

Which of the following was probably the least important factor in bringing about the Cambrian explosion?

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • A) the emergence of predator-prey relationships

  • B) an increase in the concentration of atmospheric oxygen

  • C) the movement of animals onto land

  • D) the origin of Hox genes

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Frage 84 von 200

1

Which part of a plant absorbs most of the water and minerals taken up from the soil?

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • A) root cap

  • B) root hairs

  • C) the thick parts of the roots near the base of the stem

  • D) storage roots

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Frage 85 von 200

1

Prop roots are the modified aerial adventitious roots of corn that ________.

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • A) enable the root system to obtain oxygen

  • B) support tall, top-heavy plants

  • C) enable the root system to anchor

  • D) wrap around other plants to support tall, top-heavy plants

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Frage 86 von 200

1

Strawberries have modified horizontal shoots growing along the surface, which are referred to as ________.

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • A) rhizomes

  • B) tubers

  • C) stolons

  • D) rhizoids

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Frage 87 von 200

1

An axillary bud in the stem can potentially form a ________ in a variety of plants based on evolutionary adaptations.

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • A) lateral branch

  • B) thorn

  • C) flower

  • D) lateral branch, thorn, and flower

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Frage 88 von 200

1

Onion leaves have been modified for the purpose of ________.

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • A) defense (protect from predators)

  • B) storage

  • C) support

  • D) reproduction

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Frage 89 von 200

1

________ is a relatively indigestible strengthening polymer that accounts for more than a quarter of the dry mass of wood.

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • A) Cellulose

  • B) Starch

  • C) Lignin

  • D) None of these choices

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Frage 90 von 200

1

When you eat Brussels sprouts, you are eating ________.

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • A) immature flowers

  • B) large axillary buds

  • C) petioles

  • D) storage leaves

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Frage 91 von 200

1

Some of the largest leaves in the world can be found on plants near the floor of dense tropical rain forests. Which of the following precursors for photosynthesis is most likely limited in these large leaves?

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • A) oxygen

  • B) carbon dioxide

  • C) glucose

  • D) light

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Frage 92 von 200

1

Leaf thickness represents a trade-off between ________.

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • A) light collection and carbon dioxide absorption

  • B) water retention and carbon dioxide absorption

  • C) water retention and oxygen absorption

  • D) light collection and oxygen absorption

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Frage 93 von 200

1

One important difference between the anatomy of roots and the anatomy of leaves is that ________.

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • A) only leaves have phloem and only roots have xylem

  • B) root cells have cell walls and leaf cells do not

  • C) a waxy cuticle covers leaves but is absent from roots

  • D) vascular tissue is found in roots but is absent from leaves

  • E) leaves have epidermal tissue but roots do not

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Frage 94 von 200

1

Which structure is correctly paired with its tissue system?

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • A) root hair—vascular tissue

  • B) guard cell—vascular tissue

  • C) companion cell—ground tissue

  • D) tracheid—vascular tissue

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Frage 95 von 200

1

The vascular bundle in the shape of a single central cylinder in a root is called the ________.

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • A) cortex

  • B) stele

  • C) periderm

  • D) pith

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Frage 96 von 200

1

Which of the following cell types retains the ability to undergo cell division?

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • A) a parenchyma cell near the root tip

  • B) a functional sieve tube element

  • C) a tracheid

  • D) a stem fiber

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Frage 97 von 200

1

Which of the following have unevenly thickened primary walls that support young, growing parts of the plant?

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • A) parenchyma cells

  • B) collenchyma cells

  • C) sclerenchyma cells

  • D) tracheids and vessel elements

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Frage 98 von 200

1

Which of the following is correctly paired with its structure and function?

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • A) sclerenchyma—supporting cells with thick secondary walls

  • B) ground meristem—protective coat of woody stems and roots

  • C) guard cells—waterproof ring of cells surrounding the central stele in roots

  • D) periderm—parenchyma cells functioning in photosynthesis in leaves

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Frage 99 von 200

1

Which of the following are water-conducting cells that are dead at functional maturity?

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • A) parenchyma cells

  • B) collenchyma cells

  • C) tracheids and vessel elements

  • D) sieve-tube elements

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Frage 100 von 200

1

Which of the following cells transport sugars over long distances?

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • A) parenchyma cells

  • B) sclerenchyma cells

  • C) tracheids and vessel elements

  • D) sieve-tube elements

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Frage 101 von 200

1

Which of the following plants are annuals?

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • A) azaleas

  • B) roses

  • C) blueberries

  • D) wheat

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Frage 102 von 200

1

Plant meristematic cells ________.

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • A) are distributed evenly in all tissues throughout the plant

  • B) are undifferentiated cells that produce new cells

  • C) increase the surface area of dermal tissue by developing root hairs

  • D) subdivide into three distinct cell types named parenchyma, ground meristem, and procambium

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Frage 103 von 200

1

Which of the following arise, directly or indirectly, from meristematic activity?

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • A) secondary xylem

  • B) leaves

  • C) dermal tissue

  • D) secondary xylem, leaves, dermal tissue, and tubers

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Frage 104 von 200

1

Compared to most animals, the growth of most plant structure is best described as ________.

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • A) perennial

  • B) weedy

  • C) indeterminate

  • D) primary

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Frage 105 von 200

1

What is present in a shoot apical meristem region?

I) the region of cell division
II) immature buds and leaves
III) cells that will give rise to the protoderm, ground meristem, and procambium

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • A) only I

  • B) only II

  • C) only III

  • D) I, II, and III

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Frage 106 von 200

1

Shoot elongation in a growing bud is due primarily to ________.

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • A) cell division at the shoot apical meristem

  • B) cell elongation directly below the shoot apical meristem

  • C) cell elongation localized in each internode

  • D) cell division at the shoot apical meristem and cell elongation directly below the shoot apical meristem

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Frage 107 von 200

1

Apical meristems of dicots are at the tips of stems. Apical meristems of grasses are at ground level or slightly below, concealed by the leaves. What does this mean when considering care of a lawn or soccer field?

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • A) If you mow right at ground level, the leaves can keep growing with no problem.

  • B) Grass mowed two inches above ground level grows at a slower rate compared to grass mowed three inches above the ground level.

  • C) If you mow two inches above ground level, most apical meristems will be cut down.

  • D) If you mow two inches above ground level, the apical meristem can keep producing new cells.

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Frage 108 von 200

1

In a meristematic region, the cell plate during mitosis is perpendicular to the side of the stem. In what direction will the stem grow?

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • A) laterally in width

  • B) vertically in height

  • C) at a 45-degree angle from the ground

  • D) away from the sun

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Frage 109 von 200

1

Which of the following cells or tissues arise from lateral meristem activity?

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • A) secondary xylem

  • B) leaves

  • C) trichomes

  • D) tubers

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Frage 110 von 200

1

Cells produced by lateral meristems are known as ________.

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • A) dermal and ground tissue

  • B) lateral tissues

  • C) pith

  • D) secondary tissues

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Frage 111 von 200

1

Which of the following can be used to determine a twig's age?

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • A) number of apical bud scar rings

  • B) number of leaf scars

  • C) number and arrangement of axillary buds

  • D) length of internodes

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Frage 112 von 200

1

A plant that grows one year, dies back, and then grows again the following year, produces flowers, and then dies would be considered ________.

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • A) annual

  • B) biennial

  • C) perennial

  • D) not very fit

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Frage 113 von 200

1

Which of the following is the correct sequence of the zones in the primary growth of a root, moving from the root cap inward?

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • A) zone of cell division, zone of elongation, zone of differentiation

  • B) zone of differentiation, zone of elongation, zone of cell division

  • C) zone of elongation, zone of cell division, zone of differentiation

  • D) zone of cell division, zone of differentiation, zone of elongation

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Frage 114 von 200

1

The driving force that pushes the root tip through the soil is primarily ________.

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • A) continuous cell division in the root cap at the tip of the root

  • B) continuous cell division just behind the root cap in the center of the apical meristem

  • C) elongation of cells behind the root apical meristem

  • D) continuous cell division of root cap cells

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Frage 115 von 200

1

Mitotic activity by the apical meristem of a root makes which of the following more possible?

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • A) increased delivery of water to the aboveground stem

  • B) decreased absorption of mineral nutrients

  • C) increased absorption of carbon dioxide.

  • D) effective lateral growth of the stem

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Frage 116 von 200

1

Which of the following root tissues gives rise to lateral roots?

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • A) endodermis

  • B) phloem

  • C) epidermis

  • D) pericycle

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Frage 117 von 200

1

As a youngster, you drive a nail in the trunk of a young tree that is 3 meters tall. The nail is about 1.5 meters from the ground. Fifteen years later, you return and discover that the tree has grown to a height of 30 meters. About how many meters above the ground is the nail?

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • A) 0.5

  • B) 1.5

  • C) 3.0

  • D) 15.0

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Frage 118 von 200

1

You find a plant unfamiliar to you and observe that it has vascular bundles scattered throughout the stem cross section. What do you conclude about the plant?

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • A) It is probably an herbaceous eudicot.

  • B) It will probably get annual rings of wood.

  • C) It is probably a monocot.

  • D) It could be either a young eudicot or a monocot.

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Frage 119 von 200

1

Monocot vascular bundles do not have a vascular cambium between the xylem and phloem. This means that monocots ________.

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • A) are much less efficient at conducting water and sugars

  • B) have very thin stems

  • C) do not produce wood in annual rings

  • D) cannot produce lateral shoots

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Frage 120 von 200

1

A student examining leaf cross sections under a microscope finds many loosely packed cells with relatively thin cell walls. The cells have numerous chloroplasts. What type of cells are they?

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • A) parenchyma

  • B) endodermis

  • C) collenchyma

  • D) sclerenchyma

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Frage 121 von 200

1

The veins of leaves are ________.

I) composed of xylem and phloem
II) continuous, with vascular bundles in the stem and roots
III) finely branched to be in close contact with photosynthesizing cells

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • A) only I

  • B) only II

  • C) only III

  • D) I, II, and III

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Frage 122 von 200

1

Increasing the number of stomata per unit surface area of a leaf when atmospheric carbon dioxide levels decline is most analogous to a human ________.

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • A) breathing faster as atmospheric carbon dioxide levels increase

  • B) putting more red blood cells into circulation when atmospheric oxygen levels decline

  • C) removing red blood cells from circulation when atmospheric oxygen levels increase

  • D) increasing the volume of its lungs when atmospheric carbon dioxide levels increase

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Frage 123 von 200

1

A lateral root originates in the ________.

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • A) pericycle

  • B) cortex

  • C) endodermis

  • D) epidermis

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Frage 124 von 200

1

Of the following plants, which stem has scattered vascular bundles?

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • A) corn

  • B) magnolia

  • C) chrysanthemum

  • D) hibiscus

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Frage 125 von 200

1

The secondary mesophyll of leaves is made up of ________.

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • A) parenchyma tissue

  • B) collenchyma tissue

  • C) sclerenchyma tissue

  • D) parenchyma and collenchyma tissues

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Frage 126 von 200

1

Where is primary growth occurring in an old tree?

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • A) closest to ground level at the base of the tree

  • B) in young branches where leaves are forming

  • C) where the vascular cambium and cork cambium are located

  • D) Nowhere; trees more than a year old have only secondary growth.

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Frage 127 von 200

1

What tissue makes up most of the wood of a tree?

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • A) primary xylem

  • B) secondary xylem

  • C) secondary phloem

  • D) vascular cambium

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Frage 128 von 200

1

A plant has the following characteristics: a taproot system, several growth rings evident in a cross section of the stem, and a layer of bark around the outside. Which of the following best describes the plant?

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • A) herbaceous eudicot

  • B) woody eudicot

  • C) woody monocot

  • D) herbaceous monocot

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Frage 129 von 200

1

If you were able to walk into an opening cut into the center of a large redwood tree, when you exited from the middle of the trunk (stem) outward, you would cross, in order, ________.

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • A) the annual rings, new xylem, vascular cambium, phloem, and bark

  • B) the secondary xylem, cork cambium, phloem, and periderm

  • C) the vascular cambium, oldest xylem, and newest xylem

  • D) the secondary xylem, secondary phloem, and vascular cambium

Erklärung

Frage 130 von 200

1

Heartwood and sapwood consist of ________.

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • A) periderm

  • B) secondary xylem

  • C) secondary phloem

  • D) cork

Erklärung

Frage 131 von 200

1

Additional vascular tissue produced as secondary growth in a root originates from which cells?

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • A) vascular cambium

  • B) apical meristem

  • C) endodermis

  • D) xylem

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Frage 132 von 200

1

The bark of a tree trunk is made up of ________.

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • A) heart wood and sap wood

  • B) heart wood

  • C) secondary phloem

  • D) secondary phloem and layers of periderm

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Frage 133 von 200

1

The polarity of a plant is established when ________.

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • A) cotyledons form at the shoot end of the embryo

  • B) the shoot-root axis is established in the embryo

  • C) the primary root breaks through the seed coat

  • D) the shoot first breaks through the soil into the light as the seed germinates

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Frage 134 von 200

1

Growth and development of plant parts involves ________.

I) cell division to produce new cells
II) enlargement and elongation of cells
III) specialization of cells into tissues

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • A) only I

  • B) only II

  • C) only III

  • D) I, II, and III

Erklärung

Frage 135 von 200

1

Totipotency is a term used to describe a cell's ability to give rise to a complete new organism. In plants, this means that ________.

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • A) plant development is not under genetic control

  • B) the cells of shoots and the cells of roots have different genes

  • C) cell differentiation depends largely on the control of gene expression

  • D) a cell's environment has no effect on its differentiation

Erklärung

Frage 136 von 200

1

The phase change of an apical meristem from the juvenile to the mature vegetative phase is often revealed by ________.

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • A) a change in the morphology of the leaves produced

  • B) the initiation of secondary growth

  • C) a change in the orientation of preprophase bands and cytoplasmic microtubules in lateral meristems

  • D) the activation of floral meristem identity genes

Erklärung

Frage 137 von 200

1

Most of the growth of a plant body is the result of

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • A) cell differentiation.

  • B) morphogenesis.

  • C) cell division.

  • D) cell elongation.

Erklärung

Frage 138 von 200

1

The innermost layer of the root cortex is the

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • A) core.

  • B) pericycle.

  • C) endodermis.

  • D) pith.

Erklärung

Frage 139 von 200

1

Heartwood and sapwood consist of

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • A) bark.

  • B) periderm.

  • C) secondary xylem.

  • D) secondary phloem.

Erklärung

Frage 140 von 200

1

The phase change of an apical meristem from the juvenile to the mature vegetative phase is often revealed by

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • A) a change in the morphology of the leaves produced.

  • B) the initiation of secondary growth.

  • C) the formation of lateral roots.

  • D) the activation of floral meristem identity genes.

Erklärung

Frage 141 von 200

1

Suppose a flower had normal expression of genes A and C and expression of gene B in all four whorls. Based on the ABC hypothesis, what would be the structure of that flower, starting at the outermost whorl?

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • A) carpel-petal-petal-carpel

  • B) petal-petal-stamen-stamen

  • C) sepal-carpel-carpel-sepal

  • D) sepal-sepal-carpel-carpel

Erklärung

Frage 142 von 200

1

Which of the following arise(s), directly or indirectly, from meristematic activity?

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • A) secondary xylem

  • B) leaves

  • C) dermal tissue

  • D) all of the above

Erklärung

Frage 143 von 200

1

Which of the following would not be seen in a cross section through the woody part of a root?

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • A) sclerenchyma cells

  • B) parenchyma cells

  • C) sieve-tube elements

  • D) root hairs

Erklärung

Frage 144 von 200

1

Penguins, seals, and tuna have body forms that permit rapid swimming, because ________.

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • A) all share a recent common ancestor

  • B) all of their bodies have been compressed since birth by intensive underwater pressures

  • C) the shape is a convergent evolutionary solution, which reduces drag while swimming

  • D) this is the only shape that will allow them to maintain a constant body temperature in water

Erklärung

Frage 145 von 200

1

As animals have evolved large body size, they have also evolved adaptations to improve exchange of energy and materials with the environment. For example, in many larger organisms, evolution has favored lungs and a digestive tract with ________.

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • A) more branching or folds

  • B) increased thickness

  • C) larger cells

  • D) decreased blood supply

Erklärung

Frage 146 von 200

1

Much of the coordination of vertebrate body functions via chemical signals is accomplished by the ________.

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • A) respiratory system

  • B) endocrine system

  • C) integumentary system

  • D) excretory system

Erklärung

Frage 147 von 200

1

Compared with a smaller cell, a larger cell of the same shape has ________.

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • A) less surface area

  • B) less surface area per unit of volume

  • C) a smaller average distance between its mitochondria and the external source of oxygen

  • D) a smaller cytoplasm-to-nucleus ratio

Erklärung

Frage 148 von 200

1

Both the endocrine and nervous systems transmit information around an animal's body. Which of the following is a characteristic of nervous system signals?

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • A) allow gradual changes to take place in the body

  • B) travel quickly, allowing rapid transmission of signals

  • C) usually impact the entire body

  • D) a voltage change must occur

Erklärung

Frage 149 von 200

1

Some animals have no gills when young, but then develop gills that grow larger as the animal grows larger. What is the reason for this increase in gill size?

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • A) The young of these animals are much more active than the adult, which leads to a higher BMR (basal metabolic rate) and, therefore, a higher need for oxygen.

  • B) Relative to their volume, the young have more surface area across which they can transport all the oxygen they need.

  • C) The young have a higher BMR.

  • D) Relative to their surface area, the young have more body volume in which they can store oxygen for long periods of time.

Erklärung

Frage 150 von 200

1

Evolutionary adaptations that help some animals directly exchange matter between the cells of their body and the environment include ________.

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • A) a gastrovascular cavity, a two-layered body, and a torpedo-like body shape

  • B) an external respiratory surface, a small body size, and a two-cell-layered body

  • C) a large body volume, a long, tubular body, and a set of wings

  • D) an unbranched internal surface, a small body size, and thick covering

Erklärung

Frage 151 von 200

1

All animals, whether large or small, have ________.

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • A) an external body surface that is dry

  • B) a basic body plan that resembles a two-layered sac

  • C) a body surface covered with hair to keep them warm

  • D) most of their cells in contact with an aqueous medium

Erklärung

Frage 152 von 200

1

Interstitial fluid is ________.

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • A) the internal environment inside animal cells

  • B) identical to blood in composition.

  • C) a site of exchange between blood and body cells

  • D) found only in the lumen of the small intestine

Erklärung

Frage 153 von 200

1

Generally, epithelial cell layers are responsible for separating two fluids. For example, the epithelium of blood vessels in animals separates the blood from the interstitial fluid. What characteristic would you expect to see in an epithelium that was specialized for passive diffusion of materials from one fluid to another?

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • A) a single layer of flattened cells

  • B) many layers of cells stacked together

  • C) large, cube-shaped cells

  • D) loosely connected cells surrounded by an extracellular matrix

Erklärung

Frage 154 von 200

1

Most of the exchange surfaces of multicellular animals are lined with ________.

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • A) connective tissue

  • B) smooth muscle cells

  • C) neural tissue

  • D) epithelial tissue

Erklärung

Frage 155 von 200

1

Connective tissues typically have ________.

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • A) little space between the membranes of adjacent cells

  • B) the ability to transmit electrochemical impulses

  • C) the ability to shorten upon stimulation

  • D) relatively few cells and a large amount of extracellular matrix

Erklärung

Frage 156 von 200

1

In mammals, GH (growth hormone) is an endocrine signal that stimulates repair and growth of various tissues. Which of the following would be required for a tissue to respond to growth hormone?

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • A) the presence of a growth hormone receptor on the responding tissue

  • B) the responding tissue must be muscle

  • C) nerve cells must attach to the responding tissue for growth hormone to work

  • D) a voltage change must occur

Erklärung

Frage 157 von 200

1

Blood is best classified as connective tissue because ________.

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • A) its cells are separated from each other by an extracellular matrix

  • B) it contains more than one type of cell

  • C) its cells can move from place to place

  • D) it is found within all the organs of the body

Erklärung

Frage 158 von 200

1

Most types of communication between cells utilize ________.

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • A) the exchange of cytosol between the cells

  • B) the movement of the cells

  • C) chemical or electrical signals

  • D) the exchange of DNA between the cells

Erklärung

Frage 159 von 200

1

All types of muscle tissue have ________.

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • A) striated banding patterns seen under the microscope

  • B) cells that lengthen when appropriately stimulated

  • C) a response that can be consciously controlled

  • D) interactions between actin and myosin

Erklärung

Frage 160 von 200

1

Cardiac muscle cells are both ________.

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • A) striated and interconnected by intercalated disks

  • B) smooth and under voluntary control

  • C) striated and under voluntary control

  • D) smooth and under involuntary control

Erklärung

Frage 161 von 200

1

Muscle cells are organized to perform specific types of contractions within a tissue. Which of the following is a characteristic of smooth muscle?

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • A) many cells fused together

  • B) intercalated discs

  • C) spindle-shaped cells with a single nucleus

  • D) striations with sarcomeres

Erklärung

Frage 162 von 200

1

Food moves along the digestive tract as the result of contractions by ________.

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • A) cardiac muscle

  • B) smooth muscle

  • C) striated muscle

  • D) skeletal muscle

Erklärung

Frage 163 von 200

1

In many animals, fat is stored in specialized cells in the ________.

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • A) bone

  • B) muscle

  • C) adipose tissue

  • D) blood

Erklärung

Frage 164 von 200

1

Bone consists of ________.

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • A) a mixture of hardened collagen and minerals.

  • B) chondroitin sulfate secreted by chondrocytes.

  • C) many columnar epithelial cells packed together.

  • D) hardened fibrous connective tissue.

Erklärung

Frage 165 von 200

1

What is the name of the epithelial cell surface that faces the outside of an organ?

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • A) apical

  • B) basal

  • C) interstitial

  • D) lumen

Erklärung

Frage 166 von 200

1

Which organ system is responsible for protection against injury, infection, and dehydration?

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • A) Reproductive system

  • B) Excretory system

  • C) Skeletal system

  • D) Integumentary system

Erklärung

Frage 167 von 200

1

Which of the following is a true statement about body size and physiology?

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • A) The amount of food and oxygen an animal requires and the amount of heat and waste it produces are inversely proportional to its mass.

  • B) The rate at which an animal uses nutrients and produces waste products is independent of its volume.

  • C) Small and large animals face different physiological challenges because an animal's body mass increases cubically while its surface area increases as a squared function.

  • D) The wastes produced by an animal double as its volume doubles and triple as its surface area triples.

Erklärung

Frage 168 von 200

1

An elephant and a mouse are running in full sunlight, and both overheat by the same amount above their normal body temperatures. When they move into the shade and rest, which animal will cool down faster?

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • A) The elephant will because it has the higher surface-area-to-volume ratio.

  • B) The elephant will because it has the lower surface-area-to-volume ratio.

  • C) The mouse will because it has the higher surface-area-to-volume ratio.

  • D) They will cool at the same rate because they overheated by the same amount.

Erklärung

Frage 169 von 200

1

You have a cube of modeling clay in your hands. Which of the following changes to the shape of this cube of clay will decrease its surface area relative to its volume?

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • A) Pinch the edges of the cube into small folds.

  • B) Flatten the cube into a pancake shape.

  • C) Round the clay up into a sphere.

  • D) Stretch the cube into a long, shoebox shape.

Erklärung

Frage 170 von 200

1

The metabolic rate of an animal is most accurately determined by ________.

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • A) the amount of work done by an animal

  • B) the amount of food consumed during a meal

  • C) the amount of carbon dioxide produced by an animal in a given time.

  • D) the amount of energy used by an animal in a given time

Erklärung

Frage 171 von 200

1

The migratory eel, Anguilla rostrata, is born and lives the juvenile (immature) part of its life in a freshwater environment, but then migrates thousands of miles through the ocean as an adult in order to breed. These eels are known to regulate their internal water and salt balance. What adaptations would you expect this eel to have in order to transition from fresh water to salt water at these two life stages?

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • A) The juvenile eels would be better at removing salt from their bodies compared to adults.

  • B) The adult eels would be better at removing salt from their bodies compared to juveniles.

  • C) The juvenile eels would spend energy keeping water in their bodies.

  • D) The adult eels would spend energy keeping salt in their bodies.

Erklärung

Frage 172 von 200

1

The metamorphosis of a tadpole to an adult frog involves a thorough reconstruction of the animal's body. All of the structural and physiological changes must be complete or the frog will not survive this transformation. Which type of regulation would ensure that the animal completed its transformation?

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • A) positive feedback

  • B) negative feedback

  • C) feedback inhibition

  • D) enzymatic catalysis

Erklärung

Frage 173 von 200

1

When the body's blood glucose level rises, the pancreas secretes insulin and, as a result, the blood glucose level declines. When the blood glucose level is low, the pancreas secretes glucagon and, as a result, the blood glucose level rises. Such regulation of the blood glucose level is the result of ________.

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • A) catalytic feedback

  • B) positive feedback

  • C) negative feedback

  • D) protein-protein interactions

Erklärung

Frage 174 von 200

1

The body's automatic tendency to maintain a constant and optimal internal environment is termed as ________.

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • A) balanced equilibrium

  • B) physiological chance

  • C) homeostasis

  • D) static equilibrium

Erklärung

Frage 175 von 200

1

An example of a properly functioning homeostatic control system is seen when ________.

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • A) the core body temperature of a runner rises gradually from 37°C to 45°C

  • B) the kidneys excrete salt into the urine when dietary salt levels rise

  • C) a blood cell shrinks when placed in a solution of salt and water

  • D) the blood pressure increases in response to an increase in blood volume

Erklärung

Frage 176 von 200

1

If a person were to travel to a time zone that was several hours ahead of their own, they may experience tiredness known as jet lag. Jet lag is due to a disruption of ________.

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • A) homeostasis

  • B) circadian rhythm

  • C) body temperature

  • D) nerve impulses

Erklärung

Frage 177 von 200

1

What would be an advantage for an animal that conforms to a changing environmental condition, such as temperature?

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • A) The animal's internal temperature would remain constant, even though the external temperature had changed.

  • B) The animal's internal temperature would change opposite to the change in the external temperature.

  • C) The animal would spend more time looking for food.

  • D) The animal would spend less energy regulating its internal temperature.

Erklärung

Frage 178 von 200

1

You discover a new species of bacteria that grows in aquatic environments with high salt levels. While studying these bacteria, you note that their internal environment is similar to the salt concentrations in their surroundings. You also discover that the internal salt concentrations of the bacteria change as the salt concentration in their environment changes. The new species can tolerate small changes in this way, but dies from large changes because it has no mechanism for altering its own internal salt levels. What type of homeostatic mechanism is this species using to regulate its internal salt levels?

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • A) conformation

  • B) regulation

  • C) integration

  • D) assimilation

Erklärung

Frage 179 von 200

1

Chum salmon (Oncorhynchus keta) are born in freshwater environments and then migrate to the sea. Near the end of their lives, they return to the freshwater stream where they were born to spawn. In fresh water, water constantly diffuses into the body and ions are lost from the body. In salt water, body water diffuses out of the body and excess ions are gained from the water. A salmon's gills have special cells to pump salt in or out of the body to maintain homeostasis. In response to the salmon's moves between fresh water and salt water, some cells in the gills are produced and others are destroyed. These changes made in the cells of the gills during the lifetime of an individual salmon are an example of which of the following?

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • A) evolution

  • B) trade-off

  • C) acclimatization

  • D) adaptation

Erklärung

Frage 180 von 200

1

To prepare flight muscles for use on a cool morning, hawkmoths ________.

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • A) relax the muscles completely until after they launch themselves into the air

  • B) decrease their standard metabolic rate

  • C) rapidly contract and relax these muscles to generate metabolic warmth

  • D) reduce the metabolic rate of the muscles to rest them before flight

Erklärung

Frage 181 von 200

1

In a cool environment, an ectotherm is more likely to survive an extended period of food deprivation than would an equally sized endotherm because the ectotherm ________.

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • A) maintains a higher basal metabolic rate

  • B) expends more energy per kilogram of body mass than does the endotherm

  • C) invests little energy in temperature regulation

  • D) has greater insulation on its body surface

Erklärung

Frage 182 von 200

1

Elephants can often be observed cooling off by spraying water over their bodies with their trunks. What type of heat exchange is occurring?

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • A) conduction

  • B) convection

  • C) radiation

  • D) evaporation

Erklärung

Frage 183 von 200

1

An example of an ectothermic organism that has few or no behavioral options when it comes to its ability to adjust its body temperature is a ________.

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • A) sea star living deep in the ocean

  • B) bass living in a farm pond

  • C) hummingbird flying through a prairie

  • D) honeybee in a hive on a rural farm

Erklärung

Frage 184 von 200

1

The panting responses observed in overheated birds and mammals dissipate excess heat by ________.

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • A) countercurrent exchange

  • B) acclimation

  • C) vasoconstriction

  • D) evaporation

Erklärung

Frage 185 von 200

1

Most land-dwelling invertebrates and all of the amphibians ________.

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • A) are ectothermic organisms with variable body temperatures

  • B) alter their metabolic rates to maintain a constant body temperature of 37°C

  • C) are endotherms but become thermo-conformers when they are in water

  • D) become more active when environmental temperatures drop below 15°C

Erklärung

Frage 186 von 200

1

The temperature-regulating center of vertebrate animals is located in the ________.

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • A) thyroid gland

  • B) hypothalamus

  • C) subcutaneous layer of the skin

  • D) liver

Erklärung

Frage 187 von 200

1

The metabolic breakdown of specialized brown fat deposits in certain animals is substantially increased during ________.

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • A) acclimatization

  • B) torpor

  • C) nonshivering thermogenesis

  • D) shivering thermogenesis

Erklärung

Frage 188 von 200

1

The use of brown fat to generate metabolic heat is mostly limited to small mammals. What is the basis of this adaptation?

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • A) Small mammals cannot grow enough fur to insulate their bodies.

  • B) Because of their large surface area to volume ratio, heat loss across the body surface is higher in small animals.

  • C) Small mammals do not have enough muscle to generate heat by shivering.

  • D) Large mammals have lost their brown fat through the course of their evolution.

Erklärung

Frage 189 von 200

1

Which of the following would increase the rate of heat exchange between an animal and its environment?

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • A) feathers or fur

  • B) vasoconstriction

  • C) wind blowing across the body surface

  • D) blubber or fat layer

Erklärung

Frage 190 von 200

1

You are studying a large tropical reptile that has a high and relatively stable body temperature. How would you determine whether this animal is an endotherm or an ectotherm?

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • A) You know from its high and stable body temperature that it must be an endotherm.

  • B) You know that it is an ectotherm because it is not a bird or mammal.

  • C) You subject this reptile to various temperatures in the lab and find that its body temperature and metabolic rate change with the ambient temperature. You conclude that it is an ectotherm.

  • D) You note that its environment has a high and stable temperature. Because its body temperature matches the environmental temperature, you conclude that it is an ectotherm.

Erklärung

Frage 191 von 200

1

A woman standing and watching the stars on a cool, calm night will lose most of her body heat by ________.

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • A) radiation

  • B) convection

  • C) conduction

  • D) evaporation

Erklärung

Frage 192 von 200

1

There are advantages and disadvantages to adaptations. Animals that are endothermic are likely to be at the greatest disadvantage in ________.

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • A) very cold environments

  • B) very hot environments

  • C) environments with a constant food source

  • D) environments with variable and limited food sources

Erklärung

Frage 193 von 200

1

Which principle of heat exchange is the most important explanation for why birds look larger in colder weather because they fluff their feathers?

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • A) Fluffing feathers results in less cooling by radiation because feathers emit less infrared radiation than other tissues do.

  • B) Fluffing decreases the amount of heat lost by conduction when the bird makes contact with cold objects in its environment.

  • C) Fluffing creates a pocket of air near the bird that acts as insulation.

  • D) Fluffing decreases the surface-area-to-volume ratio, thus decreasing the amount of heat lost to the environment.

Erklärung

Frage 194 von 200

1

Snake behavior in Wisconsin changes throughout the year. For example, a snake is ________.

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • A) less active in winter because the food supply is decreased

  • B) less active in winter because it does not need to avoid predators

  • C) more active in summer because that is the period for mating

  • D) more active in summer because it can gain body heat by conduction

Erklärung

Frage 195 von 200

1

Standard metabolic rate (SMR) and basal metabolic rate (BMR) are ________.

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • A) used differently: SMR is measured during exercise, whereas BMR is measured at rest

  • B) used to compare metabolic rates during feeding and other active conditions

  • C) both measured across a wide range of temperatures for a given species

  • D) both measured in animals in a resting and fasting state

Erklärung

Frage 196 von 200

1

Independent of whether an organism is an endotherm or ectoderm, the least reliable indicator of an animal's metabolic rate is the amount of ________.

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • A) food eaten in one day

  • B) heat generated in one day

  • C) oxygen used in mitochondria in one day

  • D) water consumed in one day

Erklärung

Frage 197 von 200

1

Consider the energy budgets for a human, an elephant, a penguin, a mouse, and a snake. The ________ would have the highest total annual energy expenditure, and the ________ would have the highest energy expenditure per unit mass.

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • A) elephant; mouse

  • B) elephant; human

  • C) human; penguin

  • D) mouse; snake

Erklärung

Frage 198 von 200

1

Which of the following animals most likely uses the largest percentage of its energy budget for homeostatic regulation?

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • A) a marine jelly (an invertebrate) living deep in the ocean

  • B) a snake in a tropical forest

  • C) a shark swimming in the open ocean

  • D) a bird living year-round in a desert

Erklärung

Frage 199 von 200

1

A researcher is setting up an experiment to measure basal metabolic rate in prairie voles (Microtus ochrogaster—a small rodent). Which of the following would be the best set of conditions for the voles immediately before and during the measurement?

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • A) House the animals in a cage with plenty of food and water to avoid stress; conduct measurements in a warmer room than the room where housed.

  • B) House the animals in a cage with plenty of food and water to avoid stress; conduct measurements in a room the same temperature as the room where housed.

  • C) House the animals in a cage with no food for a few hours before measurement; conduct measurements in a colder room than the room where housed, and exercise the voles.

  • D) House the animals in a cage with no food for a few hours before measurement; conduct measurements in a room the same temperature as the room where housed.

Erklärung

Frage 200 von 200

1

Hummingbirds are small birds that require a regular food supply. When hummingbirds are faced with a situation that decreases their food supply, such as a storm, which of the following adaptations would be most useful for the bird to survive such an unpredictable and short-term absence of food resources?

Wähle eine der folgenden:

  • A) shivering

  • B) torpor

  • C) hibernation

  • D) burrowing into soil

Erklärung

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