What is the filtration barrier formed by?
fenestrated vascular endothelium
basement membrane
podocytes separated by slits
organocytes
endometrium
What is the basement membrane of the filtration barrier formed by?
proteins such as collagen
proteins such as laminin
extracellular matrix proteins such as negatively charged heparan sulfate proteoglycans
starchy carbohydrates
What does the basement membrane of the filtration barrier provide?
a charge barrier
a source of energy
a microphalange
urine
What type of function does the basement membrane of the filtration barrier have?
a sieving function
a saving function
a blocking function
a stimulating function
a reduction function
Determinants of glomerular filtration.
❌ = ❌ x ❌( Δ ❌ - Δ ❌ )
In the determinants of glomerular filtration formula, Jv =
flux
hydraulic conductivity
hydraulic pressure
surface area
In the determinants of glomerular filtration formula, k =
gradient
In the determinants of glomerular filtration formula, S =
oncotic pressure
In the determinants of glomerular filtration formula, P =
In the determinants of glomerular filtration formula, Π =
Hydraulic conductivity is defined as the ❌ of ❌ (❌) per unit ❌ for a defined ❌ gradient and ❌ area.
The hydraulic conductivity of the glomerular capillary wall is _________ fold higher than other capillaries.
40 - 50
90-100
10-20
5-6
20-25
Glomerular capillaries work at _____ pressures than other capillaries
higher
lower
the same
Hydrostatic pressure in glomerular capillaries is relatively _________
constant
variable
Colloid oncotic pressure ________ in the glomerular capillaries
increases
decreases
stays constant
label the pressures
What controls Glomerular Capillary Pressure?
relative resistances of Afferent Arteriole and Efferent Arteriole
relative blood flow of Afferent Arteriole and Efferent Arteriole
space in the glomerulus
amount of urine produced
What controls resistances of afferent arteriole and efferent arteriole?
neural and hormonal inputs
glomerular capillary pressure
blood flow
vaso constriction and dilation
What affect does changes in resistance of the afferent arteriole and efferent arteriole have?
Why is it so important to control and maintain the Glomerular Capillary Pressure constant?
to ensure GFR is constant
to avoid excess unnecessary urine being made
to avoid pain
to maintain an equal level of hormones
Which graph relates to afferent arteriole constriction and which relates to efferent arteriole constriction?
A 25% increase in mean arterial blood pressure will cause a ____% increase in GFR and a loss of __L per day.
25%, 40L
50%, 80L
75%, 100L
2.5%, 4L
What are the 3 important mechanisms in regulating GFR?
renin-angiotensin system
autoregulation
sympathetic nerves
sodium-water system
reduction of blood volume by osmosis
The movement of any molecule across the filtration membrane is measured by its ❌
Hydraulic conductivity is very _____ in glomerular capillaries
high
low
changeable
annoying
Hydrostatic pressure gradient is the gradient acting ....
between the inside and outside of the capillary and bowmans space.
between the glomerulus and afferent arteriole
between the efferent and afferent arteriole
between the inside and outside of the capillary
between the inside and outside of bowmans space.
Kf in relation to GFR is...
ultrafiltration coefficient
net ultrafiltration pressure
net friction along capillary walls
hydrostatic pressure.
Label
There is net filtration along the entire length of the glomerular capillaries
Net filtration pressure = ❌ - ( ❌ + ❌ )
Label grr regulation graph
Granular juxtamedullary cells are...
Located in afferent arteriole
Store and secrete renin
Their effects result in angiotensin 2 formation
Decrease sodium absorption
The granular juxtamedullary cells ...
Directly increase total PR
Directly increase systemic blood pressure
Indirectly increase sodium reabsorption
Indirectly increase potassium secretion
Indirectly increase ECF volume
Secrete ADH
Auto-regulation of GFR ... ❌ —-> ❌ —> ❌—> ❌
Fill in flow chart...
The macula densa senses fluid flow in the tubule
Alport's syndrome is ...
hereditary glomerulonephritis
due to mutations in the collagen chains of the glomerular basement membrane
a pathological condition
an inability to process proteins
Which of these are protein elements that can be found in the glomerular basement membrane?
laminin
nidogen
entactin
Which of these are true about the endothelial cell surface layer?
aka ESL
seems to be a rather thick negatively charged structure
most likely contributes to the high permselectivity of the glomerular wall
is found on the luminal side of blood vessel walls
it is never found in venules
Small molecular weight neutral solutes have concentrations in the filtrate equal to those in plasma, this means they are freely filtered.