CHAPTER 1: BIOLOGICAL FOUNDATIONS OF BEHAVIOUR

What is a neuron?

The branchlike fibres that are like antennas that collect messages from neighbouring neurons and send them to the cell body are called?

Here neighbouring information from other neurons is collected and processed.

This conducts electrical impulses away from the cell body and to other neurons, muscles, or glands.

-Surround the neurons and hold them in place
- Manufacture nutrient chemicals that the neurons need
- Form the myelin sheath around some axons
- Absorb toxins and waste materials that might damage neurons.

Surround neurons and hold them in place

Manufacture nutrient chemicals neurons need

Form myelin sheath around some axons

Absorb toxins and waste materials

Fatty insulating layer some neurons have

Gaps in the myelin sheath that allows impulses to jump, and speeds up transmission

Protect(s) the brain from toxins

Nerve activation has how many basic steps?

What are the steps for basic nerve activation?

What is depolarization and when does it occur?

Reversal in the membrane's voltage, from -70mV to +40mV (inside).

The change in polarization in a neuron membrane that leads to a neural impulse

The interior of the cell is negative. The exterior of the cell is positive. There is a high concentration of sodium ions outside the cell (in the liquid) and chloride ions (outside cell in the liquid). Negatively charged protein ions (A-) and + potassium ions are inside the neuron.

The inside of the cell is positive; outside, negative.
Sodium channels open up; flood into the axon, creating depolarization

Most sodium outside cell; chloride outside cell
Potassium inside cell; negative anion proteins inside cell
Gates closed

Sodium channels open. Sodium floods into axon. K+ channels still closed

Sodium channels close; potassium channels open

What is the voltage of the refractory period?

Membrane cannot generate another action potential.

All-or-none law

-50 mV

Graded potentials

Action potential travels down the axon like a burning fuse

High conduction speeds generated from jumping of action potential from node to node

High conduction speeds generated from jumping of action potential from node to node

Satiago Ramon Y cajal

Otto Loewi

Gap from the axon terminal of one neuron to the dendrites of another

True or false: electrical impulses through a wire are faster than impulses through an axon

Damage to the myelin sheath can cause

When the immune system attacks the Myelin Sheath; impulses are slowed down

Chemicals that carry messages across the synapse

That excite other neurons OR inhibit their firing

______Molecules stored within these _______chambers, within the axon terminal

When the action potential reaches the end of the axon, the axon terminal releases ________ into the place between the end of the sending neuron( _______) and the membrane of the receiving neuron (______). The space is called _______.

When neurotransmitters cross the synaptic space, they bind to ______ which are?

Space between the pre-synapse and post-synapse?

Neurotransmitter activity moves from synthesis to deactivation. What is this process?

_________ of neurotransmitter --> storage in ______--> Release into ______--> _________to receptor sites --> Deactivation through _______ or breakdown

Neurotransmitters that create depolarization

TRasnmitters that create hyperpolarization

Excitatory--> Depolarizes membrane--> _____likelihood of action potential

Inhibitory--> Hyperpolarizes membrane--> _______likelihood of action potential

Transmitters are reabsorbed into the pre-synapse

Depression: undersupply
Stress and panic disorders: oversupply
Inhibitory and excitatory at various sites
Involved in learning, memory, wakefulness and eating

Glutamate

GABA

ACh

Dopamine

Serotonin

Endorphins

Two major branches of the nervous system

The hindbrain is composed of the ______ and ______

The nervous system is composed of the _____ and the ______.

The peripheral NS is composed of the ______ and the _______.

The somatic system is a part of the _______nervous system. Its function is?

The autonomic system is part of ______. Its functions are?

The two branches of the autonomic system are?

The somatic system

The autonomic system is involved in?

Compare sympathetic and parasympathetic.

Function of the sympathetic system?

Parasympathetic system

________ and _______ work together to ensure our body is at a state of equilibrium (homeostasis); coordinated sequence of these activities

Connects spinal cord and brain

Most nerves enter and leave the CNS through the ______ _______.

______ _______ are fast responses that involve the senses and the spinal cord (not the brain).

Grey matter is surrounded by white (myelinated) matter; this structure cross-section forms an "H". the neurons are protected by back bone vertebrae.

The most active energy consumer of all your organs

Rate of energy metabolism relatively constant throughout the day/night and even increases slightly as you sleep. 2% of body weight; 20 % oxygen consumption at rest.

_________tests measure verbal and non-verbal behaviours affected by areas of brain damage. Used in clinical evaluations of people who may have suffered BD through disease or accidents.

Specific nervous tissue is destroyed by chemicals, electricity, cold or heat; this produces brain damage (lesions).
Or can surgically remove areas and study the consequences.
Or can be stimulated--producing opposite effects--through electricity or chemicals. This can be constant if an electrode is implanted.

PARTS AND FUNCTIONS OF THE BRAIN

LOBES AND FUNCTIONS OF BRAIN STUDY

LEFT AND RIGHT HEMISPHERES OF BRAIN

BRAIN SCANS

NEUROTRANSMITTERS AND FUNCTIONS