Brian believes that his parents are trying to poison him because the government are controlling them. Which psychopathology term is most appropriate?
Grandiose delusion
Ideas of reference
Paranoid delusion
Auditory hallucination
loosening of associations
When Brian listens to the radio he can hear voices from elsewhere in the room telling him he must not think about the military information he has been given
Functional hallucination
Gustatory hallucination
Passivity of thought
Thought insertion
Reactive affect
Which of the following describes the belief that one's thoughts or actions are controlled by an external agent?
Loosening of associations
Brian believes that news articles on the television about world leaders’ phones being tapped are actually talking about him as he holds important government information
Nihilistic delusion
Flight of ideas
Visual hallucination
Schizophrenia is known to have a 78% heritability
What is heritability?
Likelihood of developing a trait if your monozygotic twin has it
Likelihood of developing a trait if your parent has it
Proportion of observable differences in a trait between individuals in a population that is due to genetic differences
Proportion of the range of genes involved in a multifactorial trait that you need to have in order to develop the trait
Likelihood of individuals with the trait having a genetic predisposition to it
Schizophrenia is known to be caused by viral illness in the 2nd 1st 3rd( 2nd, 1st, 3rd ) trimester of pregnancy
Taking heroin makes an individual very liable to drug-induced psychosis
Patients with schizophrenia tend to have enlarged ventricles in their brain
The reductions in cerebral grey matter seen in schizophrenia patients is attributable to reduced arborisation, which is ...
Neuronal loss in grey matter
Reduced dendritic communication with other neurons due to fewer number of dendrites
Slowed neuronal conduction due to neuronal damage
How many layers of grey matter exist in the brain?
6
5
9
4
Things that cause an increase of dopamine serotonin noradrenaline( dopamine, serotonin, noradrenaline ) in the brain are known to cause a psychotic state in humans.
The mesolimbic pathway (reward system) originates in the area of the midbrain.
Blockade of dopamine receptors in the nigrostriatal tuberoinfundibular mesolimbic( nigrostriatal, tuberoinfundibular, mesolimbic ) pathway can cause some of the symptoms associated with antipsychotics such as Haloperidol, for example dystonia, parkinsonian symptoms and akathisia
The Nigrostriatal Pathway originates in the Substantia Nigra Lentiform Nucleus Globus Pallidus Putamen Caudate Nucleus( Substantia Nigra, Lentiform Nucleus, Globus Pallidus, Putamen, Caudate Nucleus ) and projects to the Dorsal Striatum
Atypical Antipsychotic: ❌ Typical Antipsychotic: ❌
Is olanzapine a typical or atypical antipsychotic?
Typical
Atypical
Atypical Typical( Atypical, Typical ) antipsychotics are more likely to cause metabolic syndrome as a side effect Typical Atypical( Typical, Atypical ) antipsychotics are more likely to cause extrapyramidal symptoms as a side effect
The action of Haloperidol is antagonism of mainly dopamine serotonin alpha histamine noradrenaline( dopamine, serotonin, alpha, histamine, noradrenaline ) receptors
The action of Olanzapine is mainly as an antagonist of serotonin dopamine noradrenaline histamine alpha( serotonin, dopamine, noradrenaline, histamine, alpha ) receptors
Extrapyramidal side effects of typical antipsychotics are caused by a D2 blockade affecting which dopaminergic pathway?
Mesolimbic pathway
Tuberoinfundibular pathway
Nigrostriatal pathway
Match the extrapyramidal side effect to its description: ❌: Sudden onset painful involuntary muscle spasm, usually affecting the neck/back/eye ❌: Onset of tremor and muscle stiffness ❌: A feeling of inner restlessness and inability to stay still ❌: Involuntary, repetitive body movements (typically orofacial) that can include grimacing, sticking out the tongue or smacking the lips
Which of the following extra-pyramidal symptoms typically takes years to develop (due to chronic antipsychotic use) and is very difficult to treat?
Acute Dystonic Reaction
Parkinsonism
Akathisia
Tardive Dyskinesia
Some of the extrapyramidal side effects an be successfully treated using which one of the following medication types?
Anticholinergics
Antidepressants
Anticonvulsants
Antiepileptics
Which two of the following extrapyramidal side effects can be easily treated via anticholinergic medications?
Dopamine Blockade also affects the tuberoinfundibular dopaminergic pathway, leading to a buildup of which pituitary hormone?
Prolactin
Growth Hormone
LH
FSH
TSH
Oxytocin
Vasopressin
Hyperprolactinaemia also causes lower oestrogen and testosterone levels, causing osteoporosis osteoarthritis coeliac disease crohn's disease( osteoporosis, osteoarthritis, coeliac disease, crohn's disease ).
Metabolic syndrome is a known complication of atypical antipsychotics such as olanzapine that antagonise serotonin receptors.
Metabolic syndrome can only be diagnosed when at least 3 of which 5 symptoms are present in a patient?
Central Obesity
Hypertension
Hyperglycaemia
High Serum Triglycerides
Low Serum HDL (cholesterol)
Low Serum LDL (cholesterol)
Hypoglycaemia
Hypotension
Hypothyroidism
Low Serum Calcium
Brian finds that the olanzapine helps him to sleep much better at night. Which neurotransmitter is primarily involved in this effect?
Serotonin
Acetylcholine
Dopamine
Noradrenaline
Histamine
After taking Haloperidol, Brian develops a tremor and muscular stiffness. Which neuroreceptors are primarily involved in this effect?
Which antipsychotic is least likely to cause a recurrence of his parkinsonism?
Risperidone
Olanzapine
Chlorpromazine
Quetiapine
Zuclopentixol
Haloperidol antagonises dopamine receptors in the pituitary gland. Which side effect is caused by this?
Sexual Dysfunction
Acromegaly
Apathy
Sedation
After two failed trials of antipsychotics, which specific antipsychotic is usually given, under close observation? Clozapine Mirtazapine Cariprazine Asenapine Risperidone( Clozapine, Mirtazapine, Cariprazine, Asenapine, Risperidone )
Patients taking Clozapine have their blood checked very often (once a week for first 6 months) as these patients are liable to developing , which could kill them.
