The first drawings on walls appeared in caves thousands of years ago. Later the Ancient Romans and Greeks wrote their names and protest poems on buildings. Modern graffiti seems to have appeared in Philadelphia in the early 1960s, and by the 1. _____ sixties it had reached New York. The new art form really took 2.____ in the 1970s, when people began writing their names, or ‘tags’, on buildings all over the city. In the mid seventies it was sometimes hard to see out of a subway car window, because the trains were completely covered in spray paintings known as ‘masterpieces’.

In the early 3. _____, the ‘taggers’ were part of street gangs who were concerned with marking their territory. They worked in groups called ‘crews’, and called what they did ‘writing’ – the term ‘graffiti’ was first used by The New York Times and the novelist Norman Mailer. Art galleries in New York began 4. ______ graffiti in the early seventies. But at the same time that it began to be regarded as an art form, John Lindsay, the then mayor of New York, declared the first war on graffiti. By the 1980s it became much harder to write on subway trains 5._______ being caught, and instead many of the more established graffiti artists began using roofs of buildings or canvases.

The debate over 6._____ graffiti is art or vandalism is still going on. Peter Vallone, a New York city councillor, thinks that graffiti done with 7. _____ can be art, but if it is on someone else’s property it becomes a crime. ‘I have a message for the graffiti vandals out there,’ he said recently. ‘Your freedom of expression ends where my property begins.’ 8. _____ the other hand, Felix, a member of the Berlin-based group Reclaim Your City, says that artists are reclaiming cities for the public from advertisers, and that graffiti represents freedom and makes cities more vibrant.

For decades graffiti has been a springboard to international fame for a few. Jean-Michel Basquiat began spraying on the street in the 1970s before 9.______ a respected artist in the ’80s. The Frenchman Blek le Rat and the British artist Banksy have achieved international fame 10. _____ producing complex works with stencils, often making political or 11._____ points. Works by Banksy have been sold for over £100,000. Graffiti is now sometimes big business.

First Certificate - Use of English parte 1