NMAT - Biology

An erythrocyte is placed in a beaker with a hypertonic solution. What do you think will happen to the cell after several minutes?

• It will crenate.

• It will plasmolyze.

• It will become turgid.

• It will become flaccid.

For a few women, normal pregnancy is not possible because of some anatomical and physiological abnormalities. Nowadays, the practice of in vitro fertilization is widely used. This involves the extraction of the secondary oocyte from a woman. The oocyte is then placed in a petri dish. The fertilization and early development occur in vitro (in glass). Arrange the following statements to complete the process of in vitro fertilization.

I. It is necessary for the woman to lie down for several hours.
II. The embryo is then transferred into the uterus of the female.
III. The embryo will be removed from the petri dish.
IV. A sperm cell is introduced in the petri dish for germination.

• IV - I - III - II

• IV - II - III - I

• IV - I - II - III

• IV - III - II - I

Which of the following is NOT a function of membrane proteins?

• as transport vesicles

• cell-to-cell communication

• cell-to-cell recognition site

• attachment to the cytoskeleton and extracellular matrix

Lymphocytes, a subclass of white blood cells, are divided into two types: B-lymphocytes and T-lymphocytes. What is the role of B-lymphocytes?

• chemical defense

• non-specific defense

• humoral immune response

• cell-mediated immune response

Mutation is the alteration of the form of a particular gene or chromosome that results in new trait to be inherited. Mutations can occur in chromosome structure or chromosome number. Several types of gene mutations may occur, such as insertion and deletion. Here are examples of changes applied in a sentence:

Insertion of "I"
THE CAT AND DOG RUN
THE CAI AND DOG RUN

Deletion of "E"
THE CAT AND DOG RUN
TH CAT AND DOG RUN

From the given examples, we can classify these mutations as

• point mutations

• frameshift mutations

• carcinogenic mutations

• none of the above choices

Population density is described as population size per unit area/volume. In population density, two kinds of factors are being considered: dependent and independent factors. Which of the following is NOT a density independent factor?

• diseases

• forest fires

• hurricane

• climate change

Living organisms have the ability to maintain a stable internal environment and transform from an immature to a mature functional form. These attributes are _____________________.

• adaptation and growth, respectively

• homeostasis and growth, respectively

• adaptation and development, respectively

• homeostasis and development, respectively

Which of the following derivative meristems develops into vascular tissue?

• protoderm

• procambium

• cork cambium

• ground meristem

Based on the taxonomic classification of organisms, which of the following pairs of organisms is MOSTLY related?

• turtle and snake

• shark and milkfish

• yeast and mushroom

• water mold and bread mold

Vitiligo is a disorder in which melanocytes (cells that produce melanin pigment) are unable to function. As a result, white patches appear on the skin. Albinism is a chromosomal mutation that may result in the cessation of melanin production or a considerable decline in the amount of melanin.

A man who is an intermediate albino (Aa) with vitiligo (Bb) marries a woman who is an albino (aa) but has normal skin (bb). What percent of their offspring is considered as purebred?

• 25%

• 50%

• 75%

• 100%

Because of the differences in the surface of blood cells that act as antigens, human blood is classified into four different blood types, namely A, B, AB, and O. Blood type AB is also known as the "universal recipient" because _____________________.

• it has antibody against A and B

• it has no antibody against A and B

• it has antigen A and antibody against B

• it has antigen B and antibody against A

Which of the following Kingdoms of life has genetic material that is exposed to its cytoplasm?

• Kingdom Fungi

• Kingdom Plantae

• Kingdom Monera

• Kingdom Protista

Developmental biology deals with the study of the development of animals. It also deals with the processes involved in the transformation of fertilized egg to a more complex individual. Which of the following is the CORRECT sequence of the development of a simple cell to a more complex organism?

• fertilization - gametogenesis - gastrulation - cleavage - organogenesis - growth and histological differentiation

• gametogenesis - fertilization - cleavage - gastrulation - growth and histological differentiation - organogenesis

• fertilization - gametogenesis - cleavage - gastrulation - growth and histological differentiation - organogenesis

• gametogenesis - fertilization - cleavage - gastrulation - organogenesis - growth and histological differentiation

Biome is defined as an ecological community dominated with distinctive plants and animals. Which of the following types of biomes has the greatest number and diverse kinds of species?

• taiga

• estuary

• savannah

• tropical rainforest

The life cycle of plants includes the alternation of generation, also known as diplohaplontic life cycle. All of the following have a dominant diploid sporophyte EXCEPT ___________________________.

• ferns

• mosses

• pine trees

• common weeds

A diploid cell has 28 chromosomes. When meiosis occurs, how many chromosomes are there during Prophase I?

• 14 chromosomes

• 28 chromosomes

• 56 chromosomes

• 84 chromosomes

In order to maintain the beating of the heart, the pacemaker located at the heart's right atrium transfers impulses through the two atria, causing atrial systole and eventually, ventricular systole. Which of the following is the "pacemaker" of the heart?

• bundle of His

• sinoatrial node

• coronary artery

• atrioventricular node

Which of the following is closest to the enter of a woody eudicot stem?

• primary xylem

• primary phloem

• secondary xylem

• secondary phloem

The dwarf water buffalo and the maple tree have eukaryotic type of cells. Which of the following organelles is present in the cells of the dwarf water buffalo but absent in the cells of the maple tree?

• nucleus

• centriole

• cell wall

• cell membrane

Which of the following apples will ripen the fastest?

• an apple often flushed with carbon dioxide

• an apple with an ethylene-releasing banana enclosed in a bag

• an apple with a beaker of an ethylene-releasing chemical in a plastic bag

• Choices b and c

Organogenesis is the process involved in the formation of organs. Along with this process, the cells choose to become a particular type of cell that will function for a specific organ. This process is called differentiation. Which of the following statements are TRUE about a differentiated cell?

I. A differentiated cell utilizes a particular set of proteins to perform its function.
II. Cells that are differentiated assume a specific shape to function effectively to the tissue it belongs.
III. When the cell differentiates, it deactivates for some time to regenerate the energy and materials spent during differentiation.
IV. Muscle cells, nerve cells, and red blood cells are examples of differentiated cells.

• I and II

• I, II, and III

• I, II, and IV

• All of the choices

The DNA sequence below shows the segment of the gene for human hemoglobin starting with amino acid residue 24.

Normal: 5' AGT TGG TGG TGA GGC CCT GGC CAG GCT 3'

Which of the following amino acid sequences will change the proline at position 29 to valine, making the sequence mutant?

Use the following amino acid sequence:
Valine - GTT, GTC Arginine - AGA, AGG
Alanine - GCT, GCC Proline - CCT, CGA

• 3' AGT TGG TGG GTT GGC CCT GGC CAG GCT 5'

• 5' AGT TGG GTC TGA GGC CCT GGC CAG GCT 3'

• 3' AGT TGG TGG TGA GGC GTC GGC CAG GCT 5'

• 5' AGT TGG TGG TGA GGC GTC GGC CAG GCT 3'

Specialized cells that no longer divide are generally locked in which stage of the cell cycle?

• G1 phase

• G2 phase

• G0 phase

• S phase

The naming of organisms follows the Linnaeus binomial system. Which of the following is the CORRECT way of writing the scientific name of tomatoes?

In the process of biological magnification, toxins that are harmful become more concentrated in the successive trophic levels of a food web. The pesticides dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) and polychlorinated biphenols (PCBs) are well-known examples of this. Which of the following organisms will receive the MOST concentration of these harmful substances in their body system?

• snakes

• small fishes

• zooplanktons

• fish-eating birds

Incomplete dominance is characterized by a cross between a homozygous dominant and recessive genes that will result in an intermediate trait. Assume the following sets of genes in a human being:

B - black-colored pupil HH - straight hair
bb - blue-colored pupil Hh - wavy hair
hh - curly hair

A husband and wife, BBHH x bbHh, wants to know the probability of having a child with blue-colored pupil wavy hair. What will you tell them?

• These is a 25% chance that the offspring will have blue-colored pupils and wavy hair.

• There is a 50% chance that the offspring will have blue-colored pupils and wavy hair.

• There is no chance that the offspring will have blue-colored pupils and wavy hair.

• Impossible to determine

Which of the following substances will easily cross the cell membrane?

• starch

• sodium ion

• chloride ion

• carbon dioxide

Progesterone is a substance that prepares the endometrium in the uterus for implantation of fertilized egg. Where is this substance secreted?

• infundibulum

• corpus luteum

• Graafian follicle

• seminiferous tubule

Biologist Charles Darwin emphasized that evolution can best be explained as a consequence of natural selection. Which of the following statements CORRECTLY describes Darwin's "Natural Selection"?

• Chance events results in a change of allele frequencies.

• As the conditions of nature change, individuals that are fittest and most adaptable will survive and evolve.

• Populations exchange members to converge toward one another.

• As the organism continues to use a certain part of its body, it enlarges or elongates.

Which of the following is NOT achieved by the cell after cleavage?

• formation of blastula

• increase in cell number

• development of the neutral crest

• increase in the amount of genetic material

One of the processes that enables cells to harvest the energy stored in food is cellular respiration. Which of the following is FALSE?

• It is a catabolic pathway.

• It is an anabolic pathway.

• It is an oxidation-reduction process.

• It occurs in the mitochondria of cells.

A unicellular organism undergoes ________________ when its cell divides.

• growth

• development

• reproduction

• all of the choices

Turner syndrome is a disorder caused by missing or incomplete X chromosomes (XO). As a result, the individual shows the external physical appearance of a female. However, along with it are certain characteristics. Which of the following would be the distinguishing symptom of a person with Turner syndrome?

• very pale skin

• a mousy odor to the urine

• swelling of the hands and feet

• secondary sex characteristics do not develop

The energy pyramid shows the decreasing pattern of energy from producers to consumers and from one trophic level to another. Producers are placed at the base of the energy pyramid because __________________.

• they are used up at a faster rate

• they have the most amount of energy available

• they can be found in aquatic and terrestrial ecosystem

• they have pigments available in producing their own food

If the patient is suffering from retention of too much urine, there might be a problem regarding the secretion of what hormone?

• oxytocin

• growth hormone

• antidiuretic hormone

• adrenocorticotropic hormone

The structure of DNA can be described as a double strand twisted with one another to form a spiral staircase. One chain of DNA strand contains 16% A, 24% C, 32% T, and 28% G. What will be the composition of the complementary chain?

• 32% T, 12% G, 16% A, and 56% C

• 32% A, 12% C, 16% T, and 56% C

• 16% A, 24% C, 32% T, and 28% C

• 16% T, 24% G, 32% A, and 28% C

The eggs of animals are delicate. Therefore, they must be enclosed in a defensive coat. Because of this need, some vertebrates developed extraembryonic membranes. The extraembryonic membranes are yolk sac, chorion, allantois, and amnion. The amnion contains amniotic fluid. What could be the possible purpose of amniotic fluid?

• deliver nourishment for the embryo

• carry nitrogenous wastes away from the embryo

• supply blood to the blood vessels of the embryo

• serves as a cushion sac around the embryo against physical trauma

Which of the following describes the muscles in the blood vessels?

• striated

• elongated

• multinucleated

• nucleus located at the center of the cell

In Kingdom Animalia, Phylum Arthropoda consists of animals characterized by jointed legs. It has five classes, namely: Insecta, Crustacea, Arachnida, Chilopoda, and Diplopoda. Crustaceans are arthropods having two pairs of antennae and various pairs of legs. Which of the following animals below belongs to Class Crustacea?

• crab

• scorpion

• centipede

• grasshopper

Macronutrients are elements needed by plants in relatively large amount. All of the following are macronutrients EXCEPT

• zinc

• nitrogen

• potassium

• phosphorus

Recombinant DNA is one of the successful application of genetics in our society and the reason behind the mass production of vaccines, hormones, etc. Insulin production is made possible because of recombinant DNA. The insulin gene from human DAN is cut with the use of restriction enzymes. The insulin gene is then combined in a plasmid (secondary DNA) and inserted into another cellular organism. What could be the organism?

• Corona virus

• 

• Tobacco mosaic virus

• 

Arrange the following events according to sequence during a primary ecological succession.

I. Spruce-Hemlock forest
II. A rubble left behind by a retreating glacier
III. Alders form dense stands
IV. Accumulation of mosses and lichens
V. Formation of dwarf willows

• I, II, III, IV, and V

• V, IV, III, II, and I

• I, III, II, IV, and V

• II, IV, V, III, and I

Oogenesis is the meiosis that occurs in the ovary of female organisms. If 5 oogonia are present, how many active egg cells are produced when 3 out of 5 oogonia undergo oogenesis?

• 3

• 5

• 6

• 10

In an autonomic nervous system, which of the following is an effect of parasympathetic division?

• the trachea widens

• the heart rate increases

• the liver is stimulated to release glucose

• the muscular contractions of stomach increase

The germinal layers, which include the ectoderm, the mesoderm, and the endoderm, are rudiments from which the different organs of the body are derived. The outer germinal layer (ectoderm) gives rise to the skin epidermis and organs of the nervous system. The middle layer is the mesoderm, which is considered as the origin of the skeletal muscles and blood vascular system, while the innermost layer (endoderm) develops the digestive tracts and glands. Which of the following organs MOST likely originated from the middle layer?

• cloaca

• pancreas

• hypophysis

• vertebral column

Bull's horn acacias have hollow thorns that house stinging ants of the genus Pseudomyrmex. The ants feed on sugar produced by nectarines on the tree, sting other insects, remove fungal spores, and clip surrounding vegetation that grow close to the foliage of the acacia tree. This illustrates what type of symbiotic relationship?

• Predation

• Mutualism

• Parasitism

• Commensalism

Uterine contractions force the baby out of the uterus during labor. What hormone is responsible during uterine contraction?

• prolactin

• oxytocin

• luteinizing hormone

• follicle-stimulating hormone