S/S of HF

Causes of HF?

MAP = ?

The impt. of Frank-Starling mechanism = ?

Increased Sarcomere length = decreassed space btw myo and actin = ------ cross-bridge/overlap

Increased sarcomere = ------- tension ------- calcium in the cell

1. Sympathetic activation will do what to the myocardium?
2. Parasympathetic activation will do what to myocardium?

What are the initiating events of HF?

What do you look for in presented HF patients? Including the lab?

compensatory mechanisms involves:

How does RAAS activation affects Preload, Contractility and Afterload?

How does Cardiac hypertrophy activation affects Preload, Contractility and Afterload?

In Diastolic dysfunction what factors are affected?

In Systolic dysfunction, as the ability to contract decreases, what happen to end systolic volume, CO, EDV and pressure?