Unit 1.1 Cells

What does the Cell Theory state

What types of microscopes have been developed to help scientists study cells

Magnification is

Resolution

How do light microscopes work

Light microscope advantages

Light microscope disadvantages

Staining

Sectioning

Equations for magnifiction

Electron microscopes key points

Transmission electron microscope (TEM)

Scanning electron microscope

Resolution of light and electron microscopes

Advantages of electron microscopes

Disadvantages of electron microscopes

How is a thin section of liver tissue prepared

What are colored electron micrographs

2

What are the seven characteristics of all living things

What type of microscope can be used to identify organelles in cells

What does the term 'Ultra structure' refer to

What does the term 'Division of labour' refer to

What is the Cytoskeleton

What is the role of the Cytoskeleton

Types of protein fibres

What protein are Microtubules made of

What are the functions of microtubles

What are Cilia and Flagella

What is the difference between Flagella and Cilia

How frequent are they on Cells

Which is found on Bacteria

What are vesicles and their role

How do Vacuoles maintain cell stability in plants

Where are plant cell walls found and what are they made of

Structure of Nucleus

Function of Nucleus

Structure of Endoplasmic Recticulum (ER)

Types of ER and Functions

Structure of Golgi Apparatus

Function of Golgi Apparatus

Structure of Mitochondria

Function of Mitochondria

Structure of Chloroplast

Function of Chloroplasts

Structure of Lysosomes

Structure of Ribosomes

Function of Ribosomes

Structure of Centrioles

Function of Centrioles

How do organelles work together in Protein synthesis

Features of Eukaryotes

Features of Prokaryotes

Examples of useful Prokaryotes ( Bacteria )

Why are some bacterial cells well known

What can some bacterial strains become resistant to

3

What are the major roles of membranes

The phosphate head is

The fatty acid tails of a phospholipid are

Why are the tails hydrophobic and heads hydrophilic

Why can't oil and water mix

What happens when phospholipids are mixed with water

When can a bilayer form

What does bilayer look like

Phospholipids aren't bonded together, how is the bilayer kept stable

All biological membranes have

Why is the hydrophobic layer necessary

What type of microscope can be used to see membranes

Examples of differentiation in cell membranes

Why are all membranes permeable to water

Why are membranes with aquaporins more permeable

What are partially permeable membranes

What does the term Fluid mosaic refer to

Features of Fluid mosaic model

Phospholipid molecule + Carbohydrate part

Protein molecule + Carbohydrate part

Role of cholestrol in membranes

Role of channel proteins

Role of carrier proteins

Receptor sites...

How are glycoproteins and glycolipids involved in cell signalling

Advantage of enzymes/coenzymes on membranes

Temperature effect on membrane =

Disadvantage of increased membrane movement, as a result of increasing temperature

How could an animal living in hot conditions become adapted to maintain membrane stability

What are receptors

Communication in multicellular organism cells are often mediated by...

What are hormones

What is a target cell

Why do hormone molecules and receptors on target csm bind

Binding results in a ...

Outline Insulin receptors and their function

How are medicinal drugs able to interfere with receptors and why

How can viruses enter cells

4

Why do cells need a supply of O2 and other nutrient molecules

What is the name given to reactions in living cells

What does metabolism generate

What are the passive transport processes

What are the active transport processes

What is diffusion

What type of energy is used in diffusion for movement

What is equilibrium

Factors that affect rate of diffusion

Why can steroid hormones able to diffuse through cell membranes

Why can h20, co2 and o2 molecules pass through the bilayer

Type of diffusion in which large or charged molecules can pass through bilayer

Channel proteins

Carrier proteins

How do membranes have some control over types of substances that pass in or out

Active transport

How is one-way flow ensured

Types of bulk transport

Endocytosis

Exocytosis

Example of bulk transport

Endo -
Phago -
Exo -
Pino -

Solute + Solvent

Water potential

How does water always move

Osmosis is..

When does the net movement of molecules occur

Why is the WP lower in cells that in pure water

What happens when cells are placed in solutions with high WP

What happens when cells are placed in solutions with low WP

What is the unit for measuring WP

WP of pure water

Is a WP of -500kPa low or high

5

An example of a single celled organism

An example of a multicelluar organism

What does the cell cycle refer to

What does each chromosome contain

What does each molecule of DNA contain

What do the chromosomes hold

What must the daughter cells contain

What are histones

DNA + Histone proteins =

Describe the Copying and Seperating process of cell division

Disadvantages and advantages of super coiled chromosomes

How can the copying be checked

What happens if genes are not copied precisely

How fast is the cycle

Stages of cell cycle

How does Asexual reproduction work in organisms

How do multicelluar organisms grow

Why is making new cells important

What are the 4 stages of mitosis

What happens in Prophase

What happens in Metaphase

What happens in Anaphase

What happens in Telophase

In what organism are all cells capable of mitosis and cytokinesis

What is the name of the only cells in plants that can carry out mitosis

As plants do not have centrioles, where are their tubulin protein threads (spindle) made

What are the cells produced by mitosis and cytokinesesis genetically identical to

What is the name given to genetically identical cells

What is vegetative propogation

What is Binary Fission

An example of how farmers have used artificial cloning

An example of how scientists have used artificial cloning

What are stem cells

What are embryonic stem cells (that can develop into any adult cell type) classified as

What are adult stem cells (that can be found in small numbers in adult tissue) classified as

Where are plant meristem cells located

How can genetically different organisms be made (sexual reproduction)

What is the name of the cell division usually responsible for producing gametes

In what regions of the adult organism does meiosis take place

Normal eukaryotic adult cells are 'diploid', what does this mean

Normal eukaryotic daughter cells are 'haploid', what does this mean

Why do the resulting daughter cells differ

Ways in which meiosis differs from mitosis

6

What governs the physical size that a single cell can reach

What type of organism has a large surface area to volume ratio

The benefit for single-celled organisms with a large surface area to volume ratio

Why do multi-cellular organisms need specialized tissues (organs,tissues)

What is specialisation

What is differentiation

What are the 3 ways in which a cell can differentiate

There are two types of human blood cells that each began with the same number of chromosomes, what are they called

What are both blood cells produced from

How do Erythrocytes differ

How do Neutrophils differ

What is a 'tissue'

Example of a Tissue

What is an 'organ'

What is an 'organ system'

What is an 'organ system'

Two types of plant transport tissues

Why are transport tissues necessary in plants

Where do Xylem and Phloem come from
And why do they differentiate

What does Xylem transport and in what direction

What does Phloem transport and in what direction

Key features of Xylem

Key features of Phloem

4 categories for animal tissues

Types of epithelial tissues

Features of Squamous epithelial tissue

Features of Ciliated epithelial tissue

Requirements for photosynthesis

What is the major organ of photosynthesis

How are leaves adapted to photosynthesize excrete waste products

How are stomata opened and closed

Cells Completed