Flashcards for A2 German History (Edexcel) - The Second Reich to 1918
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Industrial output rose between 1900-1914 by how much, in regards to coal, iron and steel production?
Who described industrialisation in Germany as a "whirlwind boom period"?
What were the 4 key industries in the German Empire?
Between 1900-1914, how much did trade union membership increase by?
The growth in trade union membership was viewed with alarm by who?
In 1914, what percentage of the population worked in agriculture and industry?
Name some German cities that were the main centres of industry
By what percentage did the German population increase by between 1871-1914?
What were the 3 types of social divisions in the German Empire?
Volker Berghahn described early 20th Century Germany as a society....
How was the German Empire split by regions? (States, kingdoms, etc.)
Why would the different regions create social tensions?
Why was Prussia particularly resented by the rest of the German population?
Germany was a predominantly Protestant Empire. What was the percentage of Protestants compared to Catholics?
What was 'Kulturkampf'?
What political party did the Catholics form?
Early 20th Century Germany was a strongly hierarchical society. What were the main 3 social groups?
Who were the Conservative Elites?
Who was included in the middle-classes?
Describe the working classes?
What were the 4 social-political camps?
Between which 2 social-political camps was there the most hostility and why?
Outline the 1871 German Constitution
What was the role of the Kaiser under the 1871 Constitution?
What was the role of the Imperial Chancellor under the 1871 Constitution?
What were the 25 state governments in control of?
What was the Federal Council (Bundesrat)?
What was the problem with Prussian delegates in the Federal Council?
What was the Reichstag?
Who was the electorate?
What was the problem with the Prussian electoral system?
Was Imperial Germany an autocratic state?
What are the two competing views of the political role of William II?
What two parties were in the Conservative camp and who did they represent
What two political parties were in the Middle-Class camp and who supported them?
What was the main political party of the Working-Class camp, and what did they want?
Outline the change in support for political parties up to 1912.
Were there any restrictions on the German press?
What were some of Imperial Germany's pressure groups and what did they want?
Who were William's Chancellors up to 1918?
Why did Bulow and Hollweg survive as Chancellors for longer than their predecessors?
Why did Bulow and William II's relationship break down?
Why did the Chancellors face difficulty in the Reichstag to try and get laws passed?
What methods did the Chancellors use to get the support of the centre and left parties? (Bargaining)
What methods did the Chancellors use to get the support of the centre and left parties? (Uniting)
What methods did the Chancellors use to get the support of the centre and left parties? (Other methods)
What was the Zabern Incident of 1913?
How did the army respond to the Zabern Incident?
Outline the political fall out in Germany due to the Zabern Incident.
What was the significance of the Zabern Incident?
What did Volker Berghahn say in regards to the social divisions in Germany after the Zabern Incident? (Imperial Germany 1871-1918, published 2005)
What was the 'Burgfrieden' of 1914?
What was surprising about the SPD accepting the Burgfrieden, and what did they hope?
Outline the military aspects of WWI on the Eastern front.
Outline the military aspects of WWI on the Western front.
What were the German military casualties?
Why did the Burgfrieden break down?
How did army chiefs push for an intensification of the war effort from 1916?
How did political support start to wane from 1917?
Why did Bethmann-Hollweg lose support?
What were the two types of revolution in October-November 1918?
When did fighting end on the Eastern Front?
What happened on the Western Front?
When did the German high-command realise the war was lost, and what did they do in response?
Who were the new important figures in German Government, 1918?
What happened to William II?
What did Scheer, the chief of naval staff, do and what effect did this have?
When was the German Republic proclaimed and by who?
What were the 2 big agreements between the powerful groups in society?
When was the Armistice signed and who was involved?
