There is no such thing as the perfect contraceptive. True or false?
Which of the following are examples of contraception which require ongoing action by the user?
Oral contraceptives
Female condoms
Contraceptive implants
Intrauterine devices
Male condoms
Diaphragms
Steralization
Which of the following are examples of non-contraceptive benefits of contraception?
Control of menstruation
Female equality
Improves sexual health
Controls women
Allows population growth
What are some risks of not providing contraception?
Economic risks
Increase rates of abortion
Increased rates of STIs
Iatrogenic problems
Decreased population growth
By what pattern is the combined oral contraceptive pill usually taken?
Taken for 3 weeks, then a 7 day break
Taken continuously
Taken for 4 weeks, then a 7 day break
Taken for 3 months, then a 1 month break
Taken for 2 weeks, then a 2 week break
Which hormones are in the combined oral contraceptive pill?
Oestrogen
Progesterone
GnRH
LH
FSH
Cortisol
Which of the following are contraceptive benefits of the combined oral contraceptive pill?
Easily reversible
Unrelated to sexual intercourse
Under the control of the woman
Alters the metabolism of hormones
Can be used to treat acne
Which of the following are non-contraceptive benefits of the combined oral pill?
Reduces the risk of endometrial cancer
Reduces the risk of colon cancer
Reduces the risk of breast cancer
Alters bodily response to insulin, leading to weight loss
Reduces the risk of venous thromboembolism
How does the combined oral contraceptive prevent ovulation?
Oestrogen levels are constantly high so the body is tricked into thinking its pregnant
The pill prevents LH surge mid-cycle so there is no stimulation of ovulation
Continually high progesterone tricks the body into thinking the corpus luteum is still functioning
The pill blocks FSH receptors on follicles which prevents follicle selection
Oestrogen causes the fallopian tubes to block the passage of oocytes
How does the combined oral contraceptive prevent sperm from entering the uterus?
It thickens the cervical mucous
It acts as a spermicide at the cervix
It causes the vagina to produce acidic secretions so that the sperm will be destroyed
The combined oral contraceptive causes thinning of the endometrium. How does this aid its contraceptive effects?
A fertilised egg would not be able to be laid down in the endometrium
It means the menses are much lighter
It causes increased contraction of the myometrial cells which would cause the products of contraception to be destroyed
It causes the uterus to shrink in size so it would be unable to support a growing foetus
Which hormone within the combined oral contraceptive pill causes the cervical mucous to thicken?
At which sites within the body does the oestrogen in the combined oral contraceptive pill work?
Hypothalamus
Anterior pituitary
Endometrium
Ovary
Fallopian tubes
Cervix
Why is there increased clotting factors produced when the combined oral contraceptive pill is taken?
Because the liver produces more clotting factors as it would when a woman is pregnant in preparation for partuition
Because there is increased blood volume and liver produces more clotting enzymes
Because oestrogen is able to act on liver receptors
Because oestrogen can be broken down into precursors of clotting factors
Which hormone increases the risk of venous thromboembolism?
What effects does the progesterone in the combined oral contraceptive pill have on the cardiovascular system?
Can cause high blood pressure
Can cause venous thromboembolism
Can decrease cardiac output
Can cause mitral stenosis
The combined oral contraceptive pill can alter hormone metabolism. What can this subsequently cause?
Renal stones
Gallstones
Liver cirrhosis
Crohn's disease
Jaundice
How does the combined oral contraceptive pill cause weight gain?
It alters the metabolism of insulin
It increases insulin resistance
It reduces leptin levels
It decreases the amount of thyroxine produced from the thyroid gland
It increases the size of the uterus
Which drugs might the combined oral contraceptive pill interact with?
Broad spectrum antibiotics
Liver enzyme inducing drugs
Statins
Glucocorticoids
Thiazide diuretics
There is strong evidence which proofs that the combined oral contraceptive pill can cause cervical cancer. True or false?
Which of the following may mean a woman is unable to take the combined oral contraceptive?
A history of breast cancer
A history of migraines
A family history of thrombotic events, e.g. stroke
A history of depression
A busy lifestyle
Not having a long-term partner
What option can be given to women who would like to take the combined pill, but are not able to?
Progesterone only pill
Fertility awareness
Oestrogen only pill
The window for taking the combined pill is smaller than the window for taking the progesterone only pill. True or false?
How does the natural family planning method of contraception work?
By predicting when ovulation and fertility will occur
By taking the womans temperature to predict ovulation
By using the womans mood to predict fertility
Which of the following are advantages of the natural family planning method?
It can be used in third world countries
It can be used by women from religions which don't believe in contraception
It limits sexual activity and can therefore reduce the risk of STIs
It has a low failure rate
It is non-medical
What is the most effective form of contraception?
Male sterilization
Female sterilization
Contraceptive implant
Condoms
Combine oral contraceptive pill
Which type of intrauterine device can be used for a longer period of time?
Copper-bearing coil
Progesterone releasing coil
How do intrauterine devices work as emergency contraceptives?
Inflammatory response when the IUD is inserted will prevent implantation
The IUD contains methotrexate which will destroy any quickly dividing cells
The IUD covers the surface of the endometrium preventing implantation
The IUD will block the fallopian tubes
Which of the following could be considered disadvantages of the IUD?
It has to be fitted by a trained medical professional
It doesn't offer protection against STIs
It can be used long-term
It cannot be used in nulliparous women
Some evidence suggests that the IUD may increase bleeding during menstruation. How could this data be explained?
The bleeding on the IUD is heavier than bleeding on the combined oral contraceptive pill because the pill thins the endometrium
The IUD causes an inflammatory response which increases bleeding
This is a very hard variable to measure because it is so objective
The progesterone in the IUD causes the endometrium to proliferate
There is an increased risk of which of the following with the IUD?
Ectopic pregnancy
Miscarriage
Thromboembolic event
Endometrial carcinoma
Which of the following are contraindications to the IUD?
Current vaginal infection
History of vaginal infection
Current pelvic inflammatory disease
Suspected pregnancy
History of menorrhagia
Being nulliparous
Why will insertion of a IUD be more painful for a nulliparous woman?
Because her cervix is smaller
Because her uterine corpus is smaller
Because she is not ovulating
Because she has a thinner endometrium
Because she has a thinner myometrium
Which of the following are advantages of the male condom?
Prevents transmission of STIs
Easily available
Contain spermicide
Are hypoallergenic
Do not interfere with sexual intercourse
How do female condoms work?
They are inserted into the vagina to block sperm entering the cervix or uterus
They suck up to the cervix to prevent sperm entering
They stick to the walls of the vagina and attract sperm to prevent it reaching the cervix and uterus
What is one advantage of the female condom, which is not an advantage of the male condom?
They do not require a male erection to work
They are easily accessible
They are easy to use
They do not interrupt sexual intercourse
Contraceptive diagphragms are used alongside spermicide. True or false?
Which of the following are disadvantages of the contraceptive diaphragm?
They increase the risk of STIs
They increase the risk of candida
They increase the risk of UTIs
The require teaching to be used correctly
They have to be put in in advance
Why can't cervical caps be used by everyone?
Because they require a particular shaped cervix
Because they require the woman to be multiparous
Because many women are allergic to them
Which of the following are advantages of cervical caps?
They are very unobtrusive
They can be used in women with poor pelvic floors
The reduce the risk of candida
They do not need to be used with spermicide
What is the critical time period for the use of emergency contraception?
12 hours
24 hours
48 hours
72 hours
Which of the following are side effects of the emergency contraceptive pill?
Nausea
Vomiting
Migraines
Fatigue
Heavy menstruation
Which of the following conditions would contraindicate the emergency contraceptive pill?
Chlamydia
Endometriosis
Gastritis
What is another term for the progesterone only pill?
Mini pill
Single pill
Alternative contraceptive pill
