Sigmund Freud's psychoanalytical model of personality development: individuals go through five stages of psychosexual development and each stage is characterized by sexual pleasure in parts of the body -- the mouth, the anus, and the genitals

Stage 1: oral (birth to 12 to 18 months) -- sucking and oral satisfaction are not only vital to life but also extremely pleasurable int their own rights
Stage 2: anal (12 to 18 months to 3 years) -- through the toilet-training procesSiccessfis the child delays gratification to meet parental and societal expectations
Stage 3: phallic or oedipal (3 to 6 years) -- boys become aware of the penis, and girls realize the lack of a penis (penis envy). The parent of the opposite sex is seen as his or her first love interest, and the child attempts to reduce this conflict by identifying with the parent of the same sex as a way to win recognition and acceptance.
Stage 4: latency (6 to 12 years) -- sexual urges from the earlier oedipal stage are replaced and channeled into productive activities that are socially acceptable.
Stage 5: genital ( puberty through adulthood) -- sexual urges reawaken and are directed to an individual outside the family circle.

Erik Erikson's theory of psychosocial development: individuals need to accomplish a particular task before successfully mastering the stage and progressing to the next one.

Trust vs. Mistrust (birth to 1 year): The formation of trust results in faith and optimism. A nurse's use of anticipatory guidance helps parents cope with the hospitalization of an infant and the infant's behaviors when discharged to home
Autonomy vs. Sense of shame and doubt: (1 to 3 years): The toddler who successfully masters this stage achieves self-control and willpower. The nurse models empathetic guidance that offers support for and understanding of the challenges of this stage.
Initiative vs. Guilt (3 to 6 years): Successful resolution of this stage results in direction and purpose. teaching the child impulse control and cooperative behavior helps the family avoid the risks of altered growth and development.
Industry vs. Inferiority (6 to 11 years): Children at this age need to be able to experience real achievement to develop a sense of competency. During hospitalization it is important for the school-aged child to understand the routines and participate as actively as possible in his or her treatment.
Identity vs. Role confusion (puberty): Successful mastery of this stage results in devotion and fidelity to others and to their own ideals. The nurse provides education and anticipatory guidance for the parent about the changes and challenges to the adolescent. Nurses also help hospitalized adolescents deal with their illness by giving them enough information to allow them to make decisions about their treatment plan.
Intimacy vs. Isolation (young adult): IF the young adult is not able to establish companionship and intimacy, isolation results because he or she fears rejection and disappointment. Nurses must understand that hospitalization increases a young adults' need for intimacy; thus young adults benefit form the support of their partner or significant other during this time
Generativity vs. Self-absorption and stagnation (middle age): Inability to play a role in the development of the next generation results in stagnation. Nurses assist physically ill adults in choosing creative ways to foster social development.
Integrity vs. Despair (old age): As a nurse, you will deliver knowledge of development as you deliver care in any health care setting.

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junior Nursing 101 Folienset am Ch. 11 Developmental Theories , erstellt von Brittany Gunn am 10/07/2015.