fever, myalgia, marked eosinophilia, periorbital edema;
dyspnea, encephalitis, cardiac failure

can be found in:
Superior mesenteric vein

can be found in:
inferior mesenteric vein

can be found in:
venous plexus of urinary bladder

infecitve stage of Schistosoma?

hepatic granuloma w/ fibrosis -> cirrhosis

chronic outlet obstruction of urinary bladder

pipe-stem fibrosis; portal enlargement, fibrosis, numerous granulomas; presinusoidal portal hypertension, ascites, congestive splenomegaly

Cytokines and cells in
Acute Schistosomiasis

Cytokines and cells in
Chronic Schistosomiasis

white pinhead-sized granulomas scattered throughout gut and liver; liver darkened by regurgitated heme-derived pigments

pseudopolyps in colon; fibrous portal enlargement w/o distortion of intervening parenchyma = pipe-stem fibrosis

granulomatous pulmonary arteritis w/ intimal hyperplasia, progressive arterial obstruction ==> cor pulmonale

mosquito vectors of W. bancrofti

mosquito vectors of B. malayi

recurrent lymphadenitis, chronic lymphadenitis w/ swelling = elephantiasis, tropical eosinophilia

chronic lymphadenitis, marked subcutaneous fibrosis & epithelial keratosis; dilation of dermal lymphatics, focal cholesterol deposits;
in dependent limbs, scrotum, penis, vulva, breasts

River blindness
(organism? transmission?)

subcutaneous nodule; chronic dermatitis = focal darkening/ loss of pigment and scaling = "leopard/lizard/elephant skin"

microfilariae accumulate in eye chambers; punctate keratitis; small, fluffy opacities in cornea; sclerosing keratitis w/ opacities

microfilariae in anterior chamber of eye

microfilariae in choroid and retina

i cannot anymore :(