kidney

the kidney achieves constancy of extracellular K+ concentration and of blood and cellular

kidney is the source for

Kidney reabsorption

kidney excretion

kidney secretion

What are the three parts of the kidney

nephron consists of

glomerulus

what it the renal tubule composed of

blood enters kidney through the

renal artery's branches

afferent arterioles deliver blood to

Blood leaves glomerular capillaries via

efferent arterioles deliver blood to the

the peritubular capillaries surround the

the peritubular capillaries reabsorb

Blood from the peritubular capillaries flows into small veins and then into the

juxtamedullary nephrons, the peritubular capillaries have a specialization called

vassa recta serve as

plasma is ____ (fraction) of the ECF

interstitial fluid is ____ (fraction) of the ECF

Total body water (TBW) is approximately _______% of body weight

The percentage of TBW is highest in

The percentage of TBW is lowest in

60-40-20 rule

Glomerular filtration

glomerular filtration rate (GFR).

Glomerular ultrafiltrate

glomerular capillaries are extremely permeable T or F

is filtered, but not reabsorbed or secreted by the renal tubules.

Reabsorption of glucose:
Na+-glucose cotransport in the proximal tubule reabsorbs glucose from________ ______ into the blood. There are a limited number of Na+-glucose carriers

Reabsorption of glucose: At plasma glucose concentrations less than 250 mg/dl, all of the filtered glucose can be reabsorbed because plenty of carriers are available; in this range, the line for reabsorption is the same as that for __________

Reabsorption of glucose:
increases in plasma concentration above 350 mg/dl do not result in increased rates of reabsorption. The reabsorptive rate at which the carrires are_________ is the transport maximum ™.

Excretion of glucose:
At plasma concentrations less than 250 mg/dl, all of the filtered glucose is_________ and excretion is________ . Threshold is approximately 250mg/dl

Excretion of glucose: At plasma concentrations greater than 350 mg/dl, reabsorption is saturated . the plasma concentration increases, the additional filtered glucose cannot be_________ and is excretes in the urine.

Na+ is filtered across the

the Na+ in the tubular fluid of Bowman’s space equals that

Proximal tubule-reabsorb _________, of the filtered Na+ and H2O, more than any other part of the nephron.

Proximal tubuleis the site of

The reabsorption of_____ and ______ in the proximal tubule are exactly proportional

Early proximal tubule absorbs

in the Early proximal tubule Na+ is reabsorbed by_______ with glucose

Middle and late proximal tubules

where is Na+ and Cl- reabsorbed together

Thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle reabsorbs

Thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle and the Early distal tubule  are impermeable to

NaCl is reabsorbed without water in

since NaCl is reabsorbed without water in the loop of Henle tubular fluid Na+ and tubular fluid osmolarity decrease to less than their concentrations in plasma. this is called

Distal tubule and collecting duct together reabsorb__% of the filtered Na+

Early distal tubule reabsorbs NaCl by a

the Early distal tubule is also called the

principal cell reabsorb ____ and ____.

Principal cells secrete

Aldosterone increases

Antidiuretic Hormone increases ______ __________ by directing the in secretion of H2O channels in the luminal membrane.

In the absence of ADH, the principal cells are virtually impermeable to ________

alpha Intercalated cells-secrete

H+ adenosine triphosphatase (ATP ase) is stimulated by

alpha Intercalated cells reabsorb

Most of the body’s K+ is located in the

A shift of K+ out of cells causes

A shift of K+ into cells causes

K+ is filtered, reabsorbed, and secreted by the

K+ balance is achieved when urinary excretion of K+ exactly equals

Filtration occurs freely across the

Proximal tubule-reabsorbs 67% of the filtered

Thick ascending limb of the loop of henle-reabsorbs____%of the filtered K+.

Reabsorption involves the___ ___ ___ _________ in the luminal membrane of cells in the thick ascending limb of the loop of henle

Secretion of K+ occurs in the

Secretion of K+ depends on factors such as

On a high-K+ diet, intracellular K+ increases so than the driving force for K+ secretion also increases.-On a low-K+ diet, intracellular K+ decreases so that the driving force for K+ secretion decreases. 

the alpha-intercalated cells are stimulated to reabsorb K+ by the

Hyperaldosteronism

Hypoaldosteronism

H+ and K+ exchange for each other across the __________ _____ ___________

Acidosis________ K+ secretion

Alkalosis __________K+ secretion

The blood contains excess H+; therefore, H+ enters the cell across the basolateral membrane and K+ leaves the cell. As a result, the intracellular K+ concentration and the driving force for K+ secretion decrease.

Alkalosis

urea is reabsorbed passively in the

ADH increases the urea permeability of the

50 % of urea is reabsorbed passively in the proximal tubule. What happens to the other 50

Phosphate is reabsorbed in the proximal tubule by

85% of phosphate is reabsorbed

15% of filtered phosphate is

Parathyroid hormone inhibits

60% of Ca+ is filtered across

the proximal tubule and thick ascending limb reabsorb more than 90% of the filtered

the distal tubule and collecting duct reabsorb___% of the filtered Ca+ by an active process.

what increases Ca+ reabsorption by activating adenylate cyclase in the distal tubule.

Magnesium (Mg2+) is reabsorbed in the

hypercalcemia causes an increase in

hyperosmotic urine

Production of concentrated urine is produced when

Corticopapillary osmotic gradient-high ADH

Two-thirds of the filtered H2O is reabsorbed isosmotically (with Na+, Cl-, HCO3-. Glucose, AAs, ) in the

. Collecting ducts have high

Glomerulonephritis

causes of Glomerulonephritis

Causes:Acute Glomerulonephritis

Causes Chronic Glomerulonephritis:

Symptoms of Glomerulonephritis:

Treatment for Glomerulonephritis:

Pyelonephritis

symptoms of Pyelonephritis

treatment of Pyelonephritis

causes for Stones in the Urinary Tract

what is the inhibitor of stones in the urinary tract

About 80% of the stones are composed of

Stones are more common in people with

Treatment Stones in the Urinary Tract

The pain of renal colic may be relieved with

Two types of acid are produced in the body: 

Nonvolatile acids

Nonvolatile acids

Volatile acid is CO2 and is produced from

Buffers

The major extracellular buffer is

the HCO3 buffer is produced from

Phosphate is most important as a

. Intracellular buffers

, deoxyhemoglobin is a better buffer than oxyhemoglobin

Reabsorption of filtered HCO3--occurs primarily in the

. H+ and HCO3 are produced in ________ ______ _____ from CO2 and H2O

Metabolic acidosis

Acidemia causes

hyperventilation is the respiratory compensation for

. Renal correction of metabolic acidosis consists of increased excretion

Metabolic alkalosis

Alkalemia causes

hypoventilation

Renal correction of metabolic alkalosis consists of increased excretion