-Hierarchy of Life

Levels of Organization

Emergent Properties

The shared characteristics of life

Major life groups

Charles Darwin and the origin

Natural Selection

2 Causations

2 Methods of exploration

Griffith Experiment

Hershey Chase Experiment

Chargaff's Rule

Watson and Crick

The double helix Model

The structure of DNA is essential to

3 Models for DNA Replication

Meselson and Stahl's Experiments

How does genetic information get from the nucleus to the cytoplasm?

How does genetic information is encoded to produce proteins?

Central Dogma

Transcription and the messenger hypothesis

The genetic code

Chromosome

Chromatin

Sister Chromatids

How many chromosomes do humans have?

Homologues

Mitosis

Meiosis

Cell cycle

Mitosis

Interphase

Prophase

Prometaphase

Metphase

Anaphase

Telophase

Interphase: G2

Meiosis I

Crossing over

Meiosis II

Differences between Mitosis and Meosis

Genetic Variation

Independent Assortment of chromosomes

Evolutionary adaptation depends on a populations genetic variation

phenotype=

How do we account for, and predict patterns of inheritance?

Mendels Monohybrid crosses

Particulate Inheritance

1.Unit of Inheritance
2. Each unit for a particular gene

First law of mendel: Law of segregation

What happens when parents differ at 2 or more loci?

Mendel's 2nd experiment
di hybrid crosees

Mendels law of independent assortment

Codominance

Incomplete Dominance

polygenic traits

Evolution

Types of biological change

Evolution
Transformism
Creationism

Descent with modification

Natural Selection

evidence for evolution

Genetic variation in natural populations

p=

q=

Hardy Weinberg Non-evolving Population

1.Allele Frequencies
2.Genotype Frequencies

Microevolutionary Processes

Mutation

Genetic Drift

Bottleneck Effect

Sexual selection

Maintaining genetic variation

Heterozygote Advantage

The biological species concept

1. Anagenesis
2.Cladogenesis

How do new species arise?

Allopatric Speciation

Sympatric Speciation

Parapatric Speciation

Factors influencing speciation rates

phylogenetic trees

Homology

Primitive Characters

Derived Characters

Homoplasia

convergent evolution

Parallel Evolution

Traits used in reconstructing phylogenies

Advantage of molecular data

Maximum parsimony(cladistic analysis)

Neutral mutations vs no neutral mutations
synonymous vs non-syn subsititutions

The neutral theory of molecular evolution

Origin of genes

Genome Organization

The Earth is very old

Changes in the Earth environment

Patterns in the fossil record

3 major evolutionary fauna

Origin of life

4 Major stages for the origin of life

Monomers
1.Amino Acids
2.Nucleotides

Origin of protbionts

Origin of self replicating molecules: RNA

Viruses

Shared characteristics of 3 life domains

Each domain has distinct features

1.Photosynthetic aerobes->chloroplasts->
2.Photobacteria->mitochondria->
3.Methanogenes, Thremophiles ->ancestral eukaryote ->

Critical role of prokaryotes in the biosphere

The prokaryotic cell

Conjugation

structural and functional adaptations of prokaryotes

Protobacteria

Cyanobacteria

Other types of bacteria

Archea unique characteristics

Threats and utility of prokaryotes

Early origin of eukaryotes

Distinguishing features of eukaryotes

Eukaryotic cell (compartmentalized cell)

Protists

Endosymbiosis

Plants

Terrestrial adaptations of plants

Bryophytes

vascular plants

Main characteristics of modern vascular plants

Homosporous

heterosporous

Evolution of seed plants

Gymnosperms

Angiosperms

Advantages of a seed

Systematics

Features of Fungi

Absorptive Nutrition

Fungi specialized to grow and spread

Fungi Nutrition

Heterokaryotic Stage

Fungi Ecology

What caused diversification?

Main characteristics of animals

3 major stages in animal development

Embryonic tissues

4 characteristics that can be used to classify organisms

Annelida

Porifera

Cnidaria

Platyhelminthes

Mollusca

Nematoda

Arthropoda

General evolutionary trends

Echinodermata

Chordata

Chordates