•Oliver Cromwell was the military leader of the republicans, a pious army of ‘Ironsides’ praying soldiers.
The battle of Marston Moor (1644) proved crucial for Cromwells’s success whereas Charles’s royalist army was defeated by the Scotts, who sent the king to the Parliament and made him submit to its terms.
As the king refused , he was tried by the high court and sentenced to die in 1649. The nation declared itself a commonwealth or republic (1649-1660), and Cromwell the Lord Protector.

•Cromwell’s rule was highly pragmatic (more inclined to obtain social freedom and liberties than religious intolerance) and utilitarian, as he dismisses any radical outburst or utopian idealism.
After his death, his son Richard won’t be able to prolong the Protectorate and the Parliament eventually invites exiled Charles II (Charles I’s son) to return to England as king of England, Scotland and Ireland.

• Cromwell’s Protectorate abolished both Parliament and monarchy, proclaiming England a free State or Commonwealth, ruled by the Assembly of Saints, or devout reforming Puritans who seek to apply Moses law to the new Commonwealth. Courtly life and entertainment was forbidden, theatres closed, sociability almost vanished. Instead, it was a period of active pamphleteering and newspaper.

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Cromwell, Glorious Revolution, Restoration, Jacobean Drama, Locke

Seventeenth Century England_1