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Gene
Homozygous
Heterozygous
Genotype
Phenotype
Dominant allele
Recessive Allele
Monohybrid Crosses
Dihybrid Cross
Autosomes
P Generation
F1 Generation
F2 Generation
Sex chromosomes
Sex-linked gene
Sex-linked traits
incomplete dominance
Complete dominance
Codominance
Pleiotropy
Polygenic traits
Linked genes
When do you see a recessive trait expressed in the phenotype of an individual?
Dihybrid crosses
Sex-linked recessive traits
Explain what a test cross
How to interpret the results of a test cross
Describe why most human genetic diseases are recessive and rare
If a disease is recessive, how is an individual affected
Why don't dominant diseases or traits do not skip a generation
Give some examples of polygenic traits, and traits that are influenced by both genes and environmental factors in humans.
Explain what determines the sex of a child
Be able to explain why sex-linked traits are observed more often in males than in females
Explain what Mendel’s Law (Principle) of Independent Assortment states
Under what circumstances will the alleles of two different genes NOT show Independent Assortment, and why not?
Explain the main advantage of sexual reproduction, as opposed to asexual reproduction
Symbiosis
mutualism
Flowering plants and their animal pollinators are an example of a type of symbiosis called mutualism
how each species benefits from the relationship of mutualism (Plants and Animals)
Explain the function of flowers
Where does meiosis occur, and what is the end result of meiosis (pLants)
Describe the characteristics of wind-pollinated plants, in terms of their pollen and flowers
Describe the general characteristics of animal-pollinated plants.
Coevolution
Be able to describe the symbiosis between flowering plants and their pollinator
and how they have undergone coevolution and have changed because of their relationship with each other. (Plants and animals)
Where does fertilization occur in a flower
Describe the three main parts of a seed.
What is the main function of a fruit?
Describe which parts of the human life cycle are diploid, and which are haploid
Where does meiosis occur in males
Where does meiosis occur in females
What is the end-product of meiosis in males
What is the end-product of meiosis in females
In what four ways are sperm cells specialized for the function of reaching and fertilizing an egg?
Describe the relationship between nucleotides and nucleic acids
and the three main parts of a nucleotide
Explain the important differences between DNA and RNA in terms of their chemical structure.
Describe the arrangement of nucleotides in a molecule of DNA
What makes up the long sides of the molecule
.? What forms the “rungs” of the ladder?
Describe the pattern of how nucleotide bases pair up
the role of hydrogen bonds in the DNA molecule
. What part of the molecule determines a person's genetic code?
Describe the process of DNA replication
What role does the enzyme DNA polymerase play in DNA replication
How does each existing strand determine the sequence of bases in the new strands that are formed
Explain why after DNA replication, each new molecule of DNA is half old and half new.
Explain the relationship between DNA, chromosomes and genes
Explain the relationship between amino acids and proteins
Give some examples of how proteins serve very important functions in the body, including the function of enzymes.
Describe the process of transcription and the process of translation
where in the cell does transcritpiton happen
where in the cell does translation happen
Describe the role of mRNA, tRNA, and the ribosome in translation
Describe the role of RNA polymerase in transcription
Describe where a codon is found
tRNA
what a codon “codes” for
Where are anti-codons found
Explain what is meant by the statement that “the genetic code is universal
Describe what a mutation is
explain how substitution mutations or insertion/deletion mutations in a gene can affect the protein that is coded for by the gene
nucleotide substitutions
nucleotide deletions or insertion
Which type of mutations are likely to have the biggest effect on the protein coded for by the gene, and why
Describe the source of NEW alleles in a species.
What is a mutagen
Describe the structure of a typical virus
. Are viruses made of cells
Why are viruses generally not considered to be living things
What must a virus do in order to replicate itself
Be able to explain the events that occur with viral infection of a cell and replication
What is the difference between a DNA virus and an RNA virus
What is a retrovirus
Is HIV a DNA virus or an RNA virus
What type of cell does this virus (HIV) infect
pro virus
How is it that new viruses such as HIV or the H1N1 flu virus suddenly appear in the human population?
