Lecture 13

How do members of a group benefit from group size?
1.) Dominant males benefit most from groups, followed by with takeovers by males.
2.) Females prefer groups with takeovers from the group. However they prefer groups if there is a very male.
3.) groups will only happen when presence of additional males brings benefits to or where groups are too for one male to .
4.) Field data suggest that females can control the of the in a group, but have less control over the of or relative .

Arguments against the importance of infanticide in primates:
1.) If infanticidal behaviour was , we would expect to see increasingly : this would not be .
2.) Relatively few cases have been demonstrated: more have been .
3.) Examples of to are relatively .

Perhaps some of the failings of infanticide to explain certain phenomena is because infanticide is becoming a . It is often being used as a .

Important analysis of cases of infanticide found support predictions that it's a male reproductive tactic.
1.) Infanticide is a lot more common in groups. This support the .
2.) Almost all of the cases were by and males. Only cases came from the group. A large portion came from after a .
3.) All the victims were and infanticide reduced the by in cases. A large portion of the males with the female after the killing.

If a female with an male, she will increase her own . Mating with an infanticidal male means will have these good and be successful. When usurper kills a , the female is more likely to mate with the , even if the tried to protect the infant.

Infanticide counterstrategies:
1.) ing : Females will with males.
2.) strategies by : e.g. , , ing .
3.) Strong bonds between males and females.
4.) Female , female s and relationships between and may all be shaped by infanticidal risk.

Questions to address:
1.) What the / balance for infanticidal males?
2.) How does male presence in influence risk of infanticide?
3.) How effective are infanticide : are infanticidal/ hypotheses most parsimonius explanation?