Chapter 2

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The study of the brain and rest of the nervous system

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organ system devoted to the distribution and processing of information

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collects incoming info from sensory organs of the system and from the rest of the body and process that info and coordinates the body's response

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what are the two parts of the nervous system

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This is made up of the brain and spinal cord

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learning and memory takes place here

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This consists of nerve fibers that carry info from sensory receptors into the central nervous system and back out to muscle organs

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Name region 1

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name region 2

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name region 3

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name region 4

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name region 5

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name region 6

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front of the head

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peak/ top of the head

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side of the head

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back of the head

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back of the head

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brain region that plans and performs actions

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sees and recognizes the world

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feels difference intextures

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hears and remembers

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contributes to coordination of movement and learning that involve PHYSICAL action

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collection of structures connecting brain to spinal cord. regulates AUTOMATIC FUNCTIONS e.g. breathing and body temperature

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3 main components of a neuron

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the input areas that receives signals from other neurons

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integrates signals from dendrites

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transmits info to other neurons

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cells that provide functional and structural support to neurons.

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Glia out number the amount of neurons, just as important for brain and CNS function

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carefully measuring the size/ shape of many skulls and comparing those measurements with a person's personality/ ability

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Bumps on the skull implies bulges in the brain (phrenology)

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modern way of capturing pictures of anatomical structures within the brain. BRAIN IMAGING/ SCANNING. Shows size and shape and brain lesions

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Brain lesions areas of damage in the brain caused by injury or lesions

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Today, the use of CT for structural brain imaging has largely been supplanted/ replaced by MRI

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a method of STRUCTURAL NEUROIMAGING, that produces scan that are created from multiple x-ray images. Image looks like slices (3D). Shows abnormality better for tumor or bones but still flaw for brain.

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critical for analyzing/ interpreting changes in the brains function that occur with learning

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Provides a way to track changes in physical properties over time

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Changes in the magnetic field generate images of internal structure (employs a giant magnet), Giant tube

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A new type of MRI that measures the diffusion of WATER in brain tissue, permitting bundles of axon throughot the brain (white matter) to be imaged

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Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI) is better than MRI at visualization of fiber tracts

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shows what brain is physically like

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shows what brain is ACTUALLY DOING

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Both structural and functional neuroimaging reveal changes associated with learning

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Involuntary/ automatic hardwired response to an organism.Present in all species and does NOT need to be learned e.g. salivation, palmar grasp, sucking

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Communicating neurons are separated by a narrow gap (about 20 nm) called ____________, across which the neurons pass chemical messages

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Most synapse are formed between the axon of the _ (sending) neuron and a dendrite of the (receiving) neuron

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Neurons contain molecules called _____________, these are chemical substances that can cross a synapse to carry a msg to a postsynaptic neuron

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located at the end of a PREsynaptic axon, in pockets known as vesicles

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A neurotransmitter that acts to modulate activity in a large number of neurons rather than a single synapse. located in the brainstem

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Branch of psychology that deals with the relation between BRAIN FUNCTION and BEHAVIOR, usually by examining the functioning of patients with specific types of brain damage

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what is the supposed physical change in the brain that forms the basis of memory (Lashley)

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this suggests that memories are not stored in one area of the rain, brain operates as a whole to store memories

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Phrenology is correct about different brain areas have different specializations

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Lashley is correct about engram are not localized to one area of the brain

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allows you to look at brain ACTIVITY ( what its doing) , by tracking local changes in BLOOD FLOW and examine how that flow changes depending on what that person is doing/thinking .
Get baseline--> then scan brain when person is doing a task

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In Functional neuroimaging, when the brain is active it requires more oxygen...how many second does it take for blood flow (and its cargo of oxygen) to increase in that region

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this shows how the activity at EACH POINT IN THE IMAGE has increased/ decreased in task condition compared with baseline image.
red/ white/ yellow = increase
blue/ green= decrease
uncolored= no change

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_______ measures brain activity by detecting RADIATION from EMISSIONS of subatomic particles called _, associated with brains use of ______ from the blood

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This uses MRI at baseline. Compares a MRI an MRI of the brain during performance of a task WITH a MRI of the brain at rest

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Functional neuroimaging uses DIRECT measure

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Functional neuroimaging only uses INDIRECT measures (measure glucose, bloodoxygen) not the actual activity of the neurons

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Functional neuroimagining is fast

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functional neuroimaging emphasize association between brain region and function

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A technique for measuring electrical activity in brain, uses recording electrodes. It records changes in changes in electrical activity.

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A technique for measuring electrical activity in brain, uses recording electrodes. It records changes in changes in electrical activity.

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EEG is cheaper than fMRI and PET Scan because there is no big scanner or dyes

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EEG can detect rapid changes in the brain with more precision (in temporal BUT lacks in SPATIAL)

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Electrodes are placed on the scalp to measure combined tiny electrical charges of large number of neurons in the brain

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EEG from a single individual averaged over multiple repetitions of an event (such as repeated stimulus presentation)

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the study of ACTIVITY and FUNCTION of neurons

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The main technique scientist use to measure FIRING PATTERNS in individual NEURONS

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In this technique electrodes shaped as THIN NEEDLES are used that penetrate brain tissue with minimum damage

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chemical substances that alter the biochemical functioning of the body

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drugs that work on the brain generally alter the SYNAPTIC TRANSMISSION

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how many processors can drugs affect

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Drugs can increase/decrease ability of the PREsynaptic neuron to produce/release NEUROTRANSMITTERS e.g amphetamines increase dopamine

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Drugs can increase/ decrease POSTsynaptic RECEPTORS to RECEIVEvchemical messages e.g. heroin/ morphine similar to neurotransmitter endogenous opiods that casue intense feeling of pleasure

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Drugs can alter the mechanisms for CLEARING neurotransmitter molecules out of the SYNAPSE e.g. SSRI reduce rate the serontonin is cleared fro synapse

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The ability of the synapse to change as a result of EXPERIENCE

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This effect, in which SYNAPTIC TRANSMISSION becomes MORE effective as a result of recent activity

Learning an Memory Psych

The study of the brain and rest of the nervous system

organ system devoted to the distribution and processing of information

collects incoming info from sensory organs of the system and from the rest of the body and process that info and coordinates the body's response

what are the two parts of the nervous system

This is made up of the brain and spinal cord

learning and memory takes place here

This consists of nerve fibers that carry info from sensory receptors into the central nervous system and back out to muscle organs

Name region 1

name region 2

name region 3

name region 4

name region 5

name region 6

front of the head

peak/ top of the head

side of the head

back of the head

back of the head

brain region that plans and performs actions

sees and recognizes the world