Immunity

Frage 1 von 22

1

What are the two types of defence mechanisms?

Wähle eine oder mehr der folgenden:

Physical Barrier
Non-Specific
Phagocytosis
Specific

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Frage 2 von 22

1

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One type of defence mechanism is a non-specific response. This non-specific response is defined as a response which is and the for all pathogens. Example of this include a e.g. skin or . Another type of defence mechanism is a specific response. This specific response is said to be a response that is and is to each pathogen. Some examples of a specific response is a (T lymphocytes) and a (B lymphocytes).

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Frage 3 von 22

1

To defend the body from invasion what do the lymphocytes have to recognise?

Wähle eine der folgenden:

Pathogens and Cells
Self and Non-Self Molecules
Bacteria

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Frage 4 von 22

1

Each cell has ❌ on its surface that identify it which vary depending on its ❌. This is because proteins have a highly specific ❌. Therefore, this variety of a specific ❌ structure allows for them to be separately identified.

These protein molecules allow an organism to identify:
1) ❌ e.g. HIV
2) ❌ material
3) ❌ produced by certain pathogens
4) ❌ like cancer cells

Although this is helpful, it is a disadvantage for those who have ❌ as they believe it is non-self material. To help minimise this problem, donor are matched as closely as possible.

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specific molecules

proteins

amino acid sequence

tertiary structure

primary structure

quanternary structure

3D

2D

Pathogen

Non-self

Toxins

Abnormal cells

organ transplants

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Frage 5 von 22

1

What are the two types of white blood cells?

Wähle eine der folgenden:

Red Blood Cells
Lymphocytes and Phagocytes
Lysosomes

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Frage 6 von 22

1

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Phagocytes
products of pathogens or dead, damaged or abnormal cells act as , causing to move towards the pathogen.
Phagocytes have several on their cell surface membrane that recognise chemicals on the pathogens.
They the pathogen to form a vesicle which is known as a .
move towards the vesicle and fuse with it. Enzymes called are present and destroy ingested bacteria by .
The soluble products from breakdown are absorbed into the of the lysosome.

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Frage 7 von 22

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B lymphocytes (B cells)
B cells mature in the . They are associated with , that involve that are present in or humour such as blood plasma.

T lymphocytes (T cells)
T cells mature in the . They are associated with immunity that involves the body cells.

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Frage 8 von 22

1

T lymphocytes can distinguish between their own cells and invader cells because:
1) ❌ have ❌ the pathogen and presented their antigens on their cell-surface membrane
2) Body cells are invaded by a virus and present their antigens on their cell-surface membrane
3) Transplanted cells from individuals have different antigens on their cell-surface membrane
4) Cancer cells are different from normal body cells and present them on the cell-surface membrane

Cells that display foreign antigens on their cell-surface membrane are called ❌.

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Phagocytes

engulfed

antigen-presenting cells

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Frage 9 von 22

1

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Response of T Lymphocytes:
1) Pathogens invade body cells or are taken in by
2) The phagocyte places antigens from the pathogen on its
3) Receptors on a specific fit exactly onto these antigens
4) This attachment activates the to divide rapidly by and form a clone of cells

The cloned T cells:
a) Develop into that enable a to future infections
b) Stimulate to engulf pathogens by
c) Stimulate to divide and secrete their
d) Activate cells

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Frage 10 von 22

1

What type of cells does humoral immunity produce?

Wähle eine der folgenden:

Plasma and Memory Cells
Monoclonal Antibodies

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Frage 11 von 22

1

Plasma cells secrete antibodies into the blood plasma and can make antibodies that lead to the destruction of the antigen.

Wähle eins der folgenden:

WAHR
FALSCH

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Frage 12 von 22

1

Memory cells are responsible for a primary response and live for a brief duration.

Wähle eins der folgenden:

WAHR
FALSCH

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Frage 13 von 22

1

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B Lymphocytes
1) The of an invading pathogen are taken up by a B cell
2) The B cell processes the antigens and presents them on its
3) attach to the processed antigens on the B cell activating them
4) The B cells is now activated to divide by to give a clone of plasma cells
5) The cloned plasma cells produce and secrete the that exactly fits the antigen
6) The antibody attached to antigens on the pathogen and destroys them
7) Some B cells develop into that can respond to further infections

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Frage 14 von 22

1

Antibodies are proteins with a specific binding site that have been synthesised by B cells.

Wähle eins der folgenden:

WAHR
FALSCH

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Frage 15 von 22

1

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Label the image of an antibody

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Frage 16 von 22

1

Destruction of Antigens by Antibodies
❌ of bacterial cells make it easier for phagocytes to locate the antigen as they are less spread out within the body.
❌ is when antibodies bind to the antigen to for a ❌ which prevents them from infecting cells. Therefore they serve as ❌ to stimulate phagocytes to ❌ the bacteria cells attached.

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Agglutination

Neutralisation

antigen-antibody complex

markers

engulf

monoclonal antibodies

antibodies

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Frage 17 von 22

1

When using monoclonal antibodies an antigen is added to a well of the patients blood plasma which binds to the antibodies in their blood. A secondary antigen is added which attaches to the antigen and is then washed to get rid of unattached antibodies. A solution is added which changes colour with the enzymes that is present on the secondary antibody.

Wähle eins der folgenden:

WAHR
FALSCH

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Frage 18 von 22

1

Which of these statements apply to passive immunity?

Wähle eine oder mehr der folgenden:

The ability of an organism to resist infection
Produced by the introduction of antibodies into the individual
Produced by stimulating the production of antibodies by the individuals' own immune system
No direct contact is needed with the pathogen or antigen
Direct contact with the pathogen or antigen
Antibodies are not produced so no memory cells are made so there is no long lasting immunity
Includes the body forming its own antibodies naturally or inducing the immune response

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Frage 19 von 22

1

Which of these statements apply to active immunity?

Wähle eine oder mehr der folgenden:

The ability of an organism to resist infection
Produced by the introduction of antibodies into the individuals
Produced by stimulating the production of antibodies by the individuals' own immune system
No direct contact is needed with the pathogen or antigen
Direct contact with the pathogen
Antibodies are not produced so no memory cells are made so there is no long lasting immunity
Can include the body forming its own antibodies naturally or inducing the immune response

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Frage 20 von 22

1

Successful Vaccination
For vaccination to be successful it must be ❌ to immunise the most ❌ population, have very few ❌, have a means of ❌ and ❌, have a means of ❌ the vaccine and must be able to produce a ❌ effect.

However, vaccines don't eliminate disease as they may fail to ❌ is certain individuals, may develop the disease immediately after a vaccination, the pathogen may mutate frequently (❌) or certain pathogens may hide from the immune system.

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economically available

vulnerable

poor

side effects

storing

transporting

administrating

herd immunity

induce immunity

antigenic variability

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Frage 21 von 22

1

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Label this diagram of HIV

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Frage 22 von 22

1

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Replication of HIV
1) HIV enters the and circulates around the body
2) Proteins on the HIV readily bind to a protein found on
3) The protein fuses with the cell surface membrane and RNA and the enter the
4) The HIV conversts the virus's RNA into which is inserted into the
5) The nucleus creates containing the new instructions for and
6) The HIV particles break away with a piece of its cell surface membrane surrounding them which forms their

	Erstellt von Joanne North vor etwa 10 Jahre

Immunity Questionn

Frage 1 von 22

What are the two types of defence mechanisms?

Wähle eine oder mehr der folgenden:

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Frage 2 von 22

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Frage 3 von 22

To defend the body from invasion what do the lymphocytes have to recognise?

Wähle eine der folgenden:

Erklärung

Frage 4 von 22

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Frage 5 von 22

What are the two types of white blood cells?

Wähle eine der folgenden:

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Frage 6 von 22

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Frage 7 von 22

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B lymphocytes (B cells) B cells mature in the . They are associated with , that involve that are present in or humour such as blood plasma. T lymphocytes (T cells) T cells mature in the . They are associated with immunity that involves the body cells.

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Frage 8 von 22

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Frage 9 von 22

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Frage 10 von 22

What type of cells does humoral immunity produce?

Wähle eine der folgenden:

Erklärung

Frage 11 von 22

Plasma cells secrete antibodies into the blood plasma and can make antibodies that lead to the destruction of the antigen.

Wähle eins der folgenden:

Erklärung

Frage 12 von 22

Memory cells are responsible for a primary response and live for a brief duration.

Wähle eins der folgenden:

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Frage 13 von 22

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Frage 14 von 22

Antibodies are proteins with a specific binding site that have been synthesised by B cells.

Wähle eins der folgenden:

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Frage 15 von 22

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Label the image of an antibody

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Frage 16 von 22

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Frage 17 von 22

Wähle eins der folgenden:

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Frage 18 von 22

Which of these statements apply to passive immunity?

Wähle eine oder mehr der folgenden:

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Frage 19 von 22

Which of these statements apply to active immunity?

Wähle eine oder mehr der folgenden:

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Frage 20 von 22

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Frage 21 von 22

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Label this diagram of HIV

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Frage 22 von 22

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B lymphocytes (B cells)
B cells mature in the . They are associated with , that involve that are present in or humour such as blood plasma.

T lymphocytes (T cells)
T cells mature in the . They are associated with immunity that involves the body cells.