A is a naturally occurring mixture of 1 or more or matter
All rocks are classified based on their:
Composition
mafic/felsic
texture
origin
Grain size
Composition: The of a rock; describes either the or other materials in the rock.
Texture: Based on the , , and of the rock's .
The texture of a rock can give clues to the rock's __________.
acidity
color
crystal sizes
Intrusive rocks were formed in lava magma( lava, magma ) Extrusive rocks were formed in lava magma( lava, magma )
Mafic: density, color, temp
Felsic: density, color, temp
Phaneritic: rock, crystals are visible w/ naked eye, cooled the earth
Aphanitic: rock, crystals are easily visible w/ naked eye, cool on the of the earth
Porphyritic: rock, of crystals and very crystals, cool , then pushed up to the to finish cooling
Vesicular: rock, crystals, there are , cool on the of the earth, come out of
Glassy: rock, crystals, cool on the of the earth, come out of
Define Pyroclastics
no crystals visible
cool extremely fast
has holes
volcanic origin
Come out of a volcano solid
The 5 criteria of Minerals
organic
1 element
solid
inorganic
lab made
naturally occurring
definite chemical composition
Crystalline composition
crystalline structure
: Part of an element that contains its properties : Pure substance that cannot be broken down anymore : Two or more different elements bonded together : a solid whose atoms, ions, or molecules are arranged in a definite pattern
All minerals are made of , , , and
4 most common rock forming minerals:
Halite
Calcite
Sulfur
Mica
Quartz
Pyrite
Feldspar
Gypsum
Groups minerals can be broken into based on composition: &
Silicate: They contain &
Non-silicate: They contain &
3 main groups of non-silicates:
Carbonates
Carbonites
Oxygen & Silicon
Oxides
Native Elements
Natural Elements
Carbonates: Contain & bonded together ()
Silicates must have oxygen and silicon bonded together
Non-silicates can still be non-silicates even if they have unbonded oxygen and silicon
Oxides: Contain & bonded together
Native elements: Contain element(s)
Visual properties: ,
Testable properties: ,
How a mineral breaks: ,
Most common breakage: Cleavage Fracture( Cleavage, Fracture )
Least reliable property:
Luster: How mineral light
Streak: of ed mineral
Hardness: Measure of a mineral’s ability to scratching
Which one measures hardness
Bowen's
Moh's
Leuenhoek
Dalton's
Moh's scale goes up to
Fracture: mineral breaks along surfaces
Cleavage: Mineral breaks along surfaces
Calcite: Hematite: Halite: Magnetite: Pyrite: Sulfur:
Weathering Erosion Deposition( Weathering, Erosion, Deposition ): Break down Weathering Erosion Deposition( Weathering, Erosion, Deposition ): Break down & move Weathering Erosion Deposition( Weathering, Erosion, Deposition ): Deposit
Types of weathering: &
Mechanical Weathering: Rocks are broken down by means into pieces
Chemical Weathering: Rocks are broken down by means thus the mineral
Clastic rocks: Weathering Non-Clastic rocks: Weathering
Clastic rocks are mainly made of
Sedimentary Structures: - Shows water currents - Shows climatic conditions - Record current flow/wind deposits (like )
Sedimentary rocks fossils
All metamorphic rocks have a(n) , the rock which was altered to form the new metamorphic rock.
within the rock indicate the temperature and pressures the rock formed in.
: the temperatures and pressures the rocks form. As temperature and pressure increase, the grade
: Occurs when rocks come in contact with magma and are “baked” from the intense heat. Usually made of mineral.
: Occurs with an increase in temperatures and pressures with depth. Usually associated with zones.
Foliated: Minerals are ,
Non-foliated: Minerals are ,
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