Define Gene

Define Allele

Define Genome

Define gene mutation

State that eukaryote chromosomes are made of DNA and proteins

Explain the consequence of a base substitution mutation in relation to the processes of transcription and translation, using the example of sickle-cell anemia.

State that meiosis is a reduction division of a diploid nucleus to form haploid nuclei.

Explain that non-disjunction can lead to changes in chromosome number, illustrated by reference to Down syndrome (trisomy 21).

State that, in karyotyping, chromosomes are arranged in pairs according to their size and structure

State that karyotyping is performed using cells collected by chorionic villus sampling or amniocentesis, for pre-natal diagnosis of chromosome abnormalities.

State that some genes have more than two alleles (multiple alleles).

State that some genes are present on the X chromosome and absent from the shorter Y chromosome in humans

Define sex linkage.

Describe the inheritance of colour blindness and hemophilia as examples of sex linkage

State that a human female can be homozygous or heterozygous with respect to sex-linked genes.

Outline the use of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to copy and amplify minute quantities of DNA

State that, in gel electrophoresis, fragments of DNA move in an electric field and are separated according to their size.

State that gel electrophoresis of DNA is used in DNA profiling.

State that, when genes are transferred between species, the amino acid sequence of polypeptides translated from them is unchanged because the genetic code is universal.

Define clone.

State two examples of the current uses of genetically modified crops or animals.

Ethical issues for therapeutic cloning in humans

Ethnic issues against therapeutic cloning in humans

Potential benefits effects of one example of genetic modification

Possible harmful effects of one example of genetic modification

Define genotype

Define phenotype

Define dominant allele

Define recessive allele

Define co-dominant allele

Define Homozygous

Define heterozygous

Define carrier

Define test cross

Outline three outcomes of the sequencing of the complete human genome.

Explain that female carriers are heterozygous for X-linked recessive alleles

Analyse DNA profiles to draw conclusions about paternity or forensic investigations