Adverbs

1. Ends in an “-e” (e.g. Laete)

Comes from a 1st or 2nd declension adjectives like Laetus and Bonus.

2. Ends in “-iter” (but sometimes just “-ter” or “-er”)

Examples: Brevis to Breviter, Audax to Audacter, Fortis to Fortiter

This is for 3rd declension adjectives.

3. Does not come from an adjective:

Antea, Deide, Diu, Forte (not linked to Fortis!) Frustra, Heri, Hic, Hodie, Iam, Ibi, Ita, Iterum, Mox, Numquam, Nunc, Olim, Paene, Postea, Postridie, Saepe, Satis, Semper, Sic, Statim, Subito, Tandem, Tum.

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Adjectives

1. 1st/2nd Declesion adjectives

Same endings as the nouns:

Masc: Bonus, Bonim, Boni, Bono, Bono (Like Servus)

Fem: Bona, Bonam, Bonae, Bonae, Bona (Like Puella)

Neut: Bonum, Bonum, Boni, Bono, Bono (Like Templum)

2. 3rd Declension adjectives

Largely the same endings as the nouns but there are some differences

Sing: Ingens, Ingentem, Ingentis, Ingenti, Ingenti*

Plur: Ingentes, Ingentes, Ingentium, Ingentibus, Ingentibus.

* Ends in “-i” not “-e” like for the nouns

They are usually the same for masculine/feminine/neuter except:

- Sing/Acc/Neut = Ingens (not Ingentem)

- Plur/Nom/Neut = Ingentia (not Ingentes)

- Plur/Acc/Neut = Ingentia (not Ingentes)

3. Adjectives must match the noun they describe in case, number and gender!

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Comparison of adjectives

1. Adjectives have 3 forms: Positive (Fast), Comparative (Faster), Superlative (Fastest)

2. Ends in “-ior”

This is the comparative form (lazier)

It can have several meanings: More fast, too fast, quite fast.

Can also end in “-ius”

3. Ends in “issimus”, “errimus” or “illimus”

This is the superlative form (laziest)

It can have several meanings: Most fast, very fast, extremely fast.

Look for “-mus” and a double letter.

4. Some adjectives are irregular

However, irregular are very common and very likely you will be tested on them.

Bonus > Melior > Optimus = Good > Better > Best

Malus > Peior > Pessimus = Bad > Worse > Worst

Magnus > Maior > Maximus = Big > Bigger > Biggest

Parvus > Minor > Minimus = Small > Smaller > Smallest

Multus > Plus > Plurimus = Much > More > Most

Multi > Plures > Purim = Many > More > Most

5. Plus is followed by the Genitive form

“Plus cibi” = More (of) food

“Plus vini” = “More (of) wine

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Comparison of adverbs

1. “-ius” denotes the comparative

E.G. Ignavius, felicius, pulchrius, facilius

2. “-issime”, “-errime” or “illime” denotes the superlative

E.G. Ignavissime, Felicissime, Pulcherrime, Facillime

3. “Quam” + “superlative adverb” = as ______ly as possible.

Quam Celerrime = as quickly as possible.

4. Irregular adjectives are usually irregular adverbs as well.

Bene > Melius > Optime = Well > Better > Best

Male > Peius > Pessime = Badly > Worse > Worst

Magnopere > Magis > Maxime = Greatly > More > Most

Paulum > Minus > Minime = A little > Less > Least

Multum > Plus > Plurimum = Much > More > Most

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Passive Verbs

1. If a verb has an “-ur” at the end then it is passive.

Active is when the person is doing something

He is throwing

Passive is when something is being done to the person

He is being thrown

2. Look before the “-ur” to find clues as to its tense.

“-Atur” = He IS being carried and “-Antur” = They ARE being carried

“-Batur” = He WAS being carried and “-Bantur” = They WERE being carried

3. Look out for words with two parts: Perfect Passive Particles + A form of the verb “to be” - Esse

Portatus = Singular, Portati = Plural

Sum, Es, Est, Summus, Estis, Sunt = Perfect Tense

Eram, Eras, Erat, Eramus, Eratis, Erant = Pluperfect

E.G. Portatus Sum = I was being carried

Portati Sunt = They were being carried

Portatus Eras = You (sing) had been carried

Portati Eramus = We had been carried

4. Not all verbs can be made passive, be careful of Deponent verbs - They look passive but they’re active!

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Deponent Verbs

Key point! They look passive but they’re active.

1. There are only 11 deponent verbs on the word list.

Conor, egredior, hortor, Ingredior, Loquor, Patior, Proficiscor, Progredior, regredior, sequor, morior.

If you think about the meaning of these words it makes sense that they can’t be passive. You can die but you can’t be “being died”. You can “be dead” but then that is an adjective not a verb.

2. Compare the forms of Deponent verbs to non-deponent passive verbs

Passive: Portor, Portabor, Portabar, Portatus Sum, Portatus Ero, Poratus Eram

Deponent: Conor, Conabor, Conabar, Conatus Sum, Conatus Ero, Conatus Eram

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Pronouns

1. Pronouns are as important as any other word so learn them all:

Ego, nos, tu, vos, is, ea, id, se, hic, ille, ipse, idem, qui, quis, quid, quidem, aliquis, aliquid, alter, ceteri, nemo, alius, noster, suus, tuus, vester, eius, eorum.

2. As an added challenge they all change according to case and number (and sometimes gender).

3. Note the difference between Aliquis (Someone) and Aliquid (Something), that Huius means “of this” and Neminem is a form of Nemo.

4. Ego, Nos, Tu, Vos, Se, Is/Ea/Id are Personal Pronouns

They stand in place of people or animate creatures

5. Meus, Noster, tuus, Vester, Suus, Eius/Eorum are possessive pronouns

When something belongs to someone

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Nominative Case

1. Puella, Servus, Rex, Templum, Manus, Dies

2. Used for the subject of the sentence.

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Accusative Case

1. Puellam, Servum, Regem, Templum, Manum, Diem

2. Used for the direct object, the thing that is having something done to it.

3. Used to express motion towards

Romam profecti sunt _____ = ______ set out TO Rome.

4. Used for Time how long

Multas Horas = FOR many hours.

5. Used in an indirect statement to describe the subject of the original statement.

Jim was absent - Jim would be in the nominative case.

Fred thought that Jim was absent - Jim would be in the accusative case .

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Genitive Case

1. Genitive = Of Someone or Of something.

2. Plus/Multum/Nihil/ + Genetive = More/Much/None (of) something.

3. Vir summae (Adjective) = Man of the highest (adjective, e.g. virtue)

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Dative

1. Dative = to/for Someone or to/for something.

2. Some verbs are ALWAYS followed by the dative

Appropinquare, Credo, Impero, persuadeo, placet, resisto

3. In a gerundive phrase (verb contains “nd”)

Nobis festinandum est = There is hurrying for us that must be done, I.e. we must hurry.

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Ablative Case

1. Ablative = by or with, the “instrument” or the “agent” of the sentence.

Jim was hit by Jill (the agent) with a stick (the instrument)

2. “e” plus ablative = going away from

e villa = OUT OF the villa

3. “in” plus ablative = in

in villa = IN the villa

4. Means time when

Paucis horis = (they will arrive) IN a few hours.

Prima Luce = At first light

5. In an Ablative Absolute construction

Ablative Noun + Ablative participle (+ comma’d off) = With…

Signo Dato - WITH the signal Given.

6. Can mean comparison when there is no other word for “than”

Hic puer fratre (abl) stultior est - The boy is more stupid than this brother.

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Time Phrases

1. Accusative = Time how long

2. Ablative = Time when (or time within which)

Amicus meus tribes* diebus adveniet = My friend will arrive in 3 days.

* Ablative of three.

3. Per (number) annos = Lit: Through 5 years, Translate: For 5 years.

4. Post Cenam = After Dinner, Postea = Afterwards, Postquam = After … happened, …

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Prepositions

1. Prepositions explain position or movement.

2. Sometimes they are followed by Accusative indicating motion

Ad, circum, in, inter, per, post, prope, sub, trans

3. Sometimes they are followed by Ablative indication position

a/ab, cum, de, e/ex, in, pro, sine, sub

4. Towns, cities, small islands and “domum” (meaning home) don’t use a proposition.

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Direct Commands

1. Infinitive minus the “-re” = Singlular Imperative

2. Singular inperative + “-te” = Plural Imperative

3. Only 4 verbs are irregular in the imperative:

Dic! Duc! Fer! Fac!

4. Noli (or Nolite) + Infinitive = “Don’t…” do something.

5. Always in direct speech

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Indicative Conditional

1. A sentence containing “si” meaning “if” is conditional.

2. The sentence may contain 2 future tense verbs. The first of these should be translated into the present.

Instead of “If you will have seen this, you will understand”

Translate “If you see this, you will understand”

3. The other part of the sentence (not including the “if”) can be a statement or a command or a question.

4. “Nisi” meaning “if not” or “unless” indicates a negative conditional.

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Relative Clauses

1. A relative clause is an added part to the sentence, e.g. “the girl, whom I saw, was old”

2. The “who” or “whom” word changes with gender, number and case.

3, The case depends on what is happening inside the relative clause:

Nom: The boy, who was hitting the cat, was young

Acc: The boy, whom I found, was young

Gen: The boy, in whose house I stayed, was young

Dat: The boy, to whom I confessed my secret, was young

Abl: The boy, by whom I was bitten, was young.

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Indirect Statements

1. Can include a ‘saying’ word like:

(ex)clamo, dico, moneo, narro, nuntio, promitto, refero, respondeo, scribo

2. Can include a thinking word like:

Consentio, constituo, credo, spero

3. Can include a knowing word like:

Audio, cognosco, intellego, scio, sentio

4. But they ALWAYS include an accusative and an infinitive.

The subject of the infinitive is the accusative. A nominative noun would be the person doing the saying or the thinking in this construction.

5. The translation should include the word “that” after the saying/thinking verb.

Note: There are both present (usually -re) and passive (usually -ri) infinitives.

6. If there are two accusatives in the sentence, you must rely on word order to understand the meaning of the sentence.

The first accusative is the person who would usually be nominative in a direct statement.

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Indirect Command

1. Uses a verb of command or order such as:

Iubeo, impero (+ dat), hortor, moneo, oro, persuadeo (+dat), rogo,

2. Negative indirect commands include “ne”

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Indirect Questions

1. Uses a verb of saying/thinking such as:

Dico, rogo, sentio, audio, video, scio, nescio

2. Also has a question word

Cur, Quis, Quo, Qualis, Unde, Quid, Quantus, Quot, Quomodo, Ubi

Also: Num (as part of an indirect question) = Whether

Utrum…an…= Whether…or…

3. Verb (saying or thinking) + Question word + Subjunctive = Indirect Question

Nesciebam num pueri audirent = I did not know whether the boys were listening.

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Purpose Clause

1. Ut/Ne + Subjuntive = Purpose Clause

2. Ut can sometimes be replace but qui or similar

I sent a girl (who was) to tell you the news.

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Verbs of Fearing

1. Contains “Timeo”

2. Followed by “ne” which in this construction means “not”. It doesn’t have a negative meaning.

3. A negative construction would include “non”.

Jill timebat ne cena optima non esset = Jill was afraid THAT dinner would NOT be very good.

Note: Terreo means to cause fear, Timeo means to be afraid of.

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	Erstellt von anna2528 vor etwa 11 Jahre

Notiz am Latin Notes, erstellt von anna2528 am 07/05/2013.