5 reproductive factors that influence breast cancer risk:

Think link between hormones and cancer may explain...

Oral contraceptives and hormone replacement therapy can...

Pesticides contain _____ that may lead to health problems including cancer.

Central Tolerance:

B cells are matured in the...

Central Tolerance:

T cells are matured in the ....

Double negative T cells →
Large double positive T cells →
Small double positive T cells...
3 things might happen next

Ignorance

Central tolerance occurs in...

Growth regulation in normal cells v neoplastic cells

Definition of Neoplasm

Tumour growth rate is determined by 1 thing and influenced by 2 things

Definition of Tolerance

Peripheral tolerance occurs in...

Definition of Self-Tolerance

Source of the two (co)signals required for full T cell activation

Central tolerance

Immune Surveillance Theory

5 pieces of evidence supporting immune surveillance theory:

1 piece of evidence against immune surveillance theory...

3 means that a tumour may evade the immune system...

Peripheral Tolerance

A stimulus can be physical or chemical and leads to a cell adapting to their environment and reverting back to normal when the stimulus is gone.

Individuals with downs may be susceptible to heart defects, Alzheimer's, hearing, sight, thyroid and digestive problems as well as a specific cancer, namely...

Oncogenes

Anti-oncogenes

Hypertrophy

TP53 gene

Atrophy

Proto-oncogenes

Hyperplasia

Mouse Skin

Applying an initiating agent alone results in...

Mouse Skin

Applying an initiating agent, followed by promoter results in...

Mouse Skin

Delaying the application of promoter several months after applying an initiating agent, results in...

Mouse Skin

Applying promoter alone results in...

Mouse Skin

Applying an initiating agent after the promoter results in...

3 Rules of Infections and Cancer:

3 Rules of Direct Causal Association:

5 factors that contribute to the breakdown of tolerance:

Metaplasia

Dysplasia

carcinomas come from...

Lymphomas, leukaemias and myelomas come from...

Sarcomas come from...