What is the function of passive immunisation?

Give an example of a clinical application of passive immunisation

Describe how tetanus anti-toxin is produced

How can tetanus anti-toxin antibodies from horses be given to other species?

What is a disadvantage of passive immunisation?

What can be a problem with giving antibodies repeatedly for passive immunity?

What is active immunisation?

What is the main function of vaccination?

How are vaccines normally stored?

Why is it important that a vaccine induces an appropriate immune response?

Why should a vaccine include multiple antigenic epitopes?

Which antibodies are involved in cell-mediated immunity?

Which antibodies are involved in humoral immunity?

What are the 2 main cytokines produced by Th1 cells?

Which cytokine produced by Th1 cells inhibits Th2 cells?

What are the 4 main cytokines produced by Th2 cells?

Which cytokines produced by Th2 cells inhibit Th1 cells?

Give an example of a live virulent vaccine

What are live attenuated vaccines?

Do attenuated vaccines cause infection?

What are live heterologous vaccines?

Give an example of a live heterologous vaccine

What are killed or non-infectious vaccines?

Give 3 methods for killing agents for use in vaccines

Are killed vaccines more likely to induce a humoral or cell-mediated immune response and why?

Why does the immune system not respond as effectively to killed vaccines?

What is meant by risk of return to virulence?

Which type of vaccine requires more doses?

Which type of vaccine requires an adjuvant?

Which type of vaccine is more stable?

How does replication allow live vaccines to induce better immunity?

How does location allow live vaccines to induce better immunity?

Why do live vaccines contain more antigens?

Why are live vaccines more able to stimulate cell-mediated immunity?

What are subunit vaccines?

Give an example of a subunit vaccine

Give 2 disadvantages of synthetic peptide vaccines

How are synthetic peptide vaccines produced?

What are GM vaccines?

Give an example of a GM vaccine

What are marker vaccines?

What is IBR?

How is IBR diagnosed?

How has a marker vaccine been developed against IBR?

What is meant if a cow has no anti-glycoprotein E?

What is meant if a cow has serum anti-glycoprotein E?

What are recombinant vaccines?

Describe the process by which recombinant vaccines are produced

Give an example of a recombinant vaccine

Which 2 adjuvants are used in this vaccine?

Why is an adjuvant required for recombinant vaccines?

How can recombinant organisms be used to transfer viral genes into host organisms?

Why is canarypox virus a commonly used vector?

For which 2 vaccines is canarypox used as a vector in Europe?

For which vaccine is canarypox used as a vector in the USA?

Are recombinant bacterial vaccines available yet?

What is naked DNA vaccination?

Give 3 routes of administration for naked DNA

Which barrier to vaccination may be overcome by naked DNA vaccination?

Give an example of a naked DNA vaccination used experimentally

What is the advantage of naked DNA vaccination in terms of immunogenicity?

What is the advantage of naked DNA vaccination in terms of dosing?

What is meant by vaccine delivery via high pressure injection?

Which 2 cells are accessed by high pressure injection?

In which species is aerosilisation commonly used to administer vaccines?

What is a method of vaccine delivery specific to poultry?

How are vaccines delivered in fish?

How can vaccines be used in cancer therapy?

What is the difference between core and non-core vaccines?

What percentage of animals need to be vaccinated for herd immunity?

How are young animals vaccinated and why?

What is DoI?

Which animals should vaccines NOT be given to unless specifically indicated?

Why should vaccines not be given in pregnant animals?

Give an example of a disease for which vaccination records are a legal requirement

Where can adverse reactions to vaccines be reported?

Why can the same dose of vaccine be given to differently sized dogs?

Give an example of a breed that does not always mount an effective immune response to vaccination

Why is it important to read the 'claim' for which a vaccine is licensed?

What are the 3 most common vaccine-associated adverse effects?

What is a FISS?

Give 4 hypersensitivity reactions that can occur due to vaccination