Bio 211 Final Exam

Fill in the blank for each function with its corresponding match.
- ❌: myelin-producing neuroglia of the peripheral nervous system
- ❌: fill spaces, provide structure, produce myelin
- ❌: form the myelin sheath in the brain and spinal cord
- ❌: found between blood vessels and neurons. Fills scar tissue in brain, form BBB (blood brain barrier)

The process of starting/stopping an AP:

❌ Na+ and K+ channels are closed, only ❌ channels are open. ❌ is maintained and you need threshold before ❌ occurs in order for an ❌ to occur.

Match the term with its definition in respect to action potentials.
- ❌: membrane becomes more positive away from the RMP
- ❌: membrane becomes more negative away from the RMP
- ❌: membrane becomes even more negative than the RMP

Fill in the blank to explain how one neuron signals to another once an AP reaches the axon terminal in the pre-synaptic neuron.

An AP in the axon terminal causes ❌ Ca+ channels to ❌ and enter the cell. Ca+ inside the cell causes the ❌ to ❌ with the membrane. Each has a certain amount of neurotransmitter released into the cleft. Neurotransmitter ❌ across the cleft. Neurotransmitter ❌ to receptors on the post synaptic neuron where it can act.

EPSP: leads to ❌ of the neuron. ❌ the post synaptic neuron
IPSP: leads to ❌ of the neuron. ❌ the post synaptic neuron

❌: simultaneous EPSP in different location - produces AP, EPSP & IPSP in different location - reduces chance of AP

❌: rapid repeat of EPSP in same location - produces AP

❌: AP is faster, contains ❌: voltage gated Na+ channels where AP is generated.

❌: AP is slower, contains ❌: less flow of ions, difficult to get incoming Na+ charges to move.

Early LTP: ❌ receptor becomes ❌ which leads to an increase of ❌ which then depolarizes the post synaptic cell. The EPSP that has been started releases the ❌ from the ❌ receptor and allows ❌ to enter.

Late LTP: Begins when ❌ activation from early LTP leads to protein synthesis. The post synaptic changes increase dendritic spines and increase AMPA receptors.

Match the term with its corresponding scenario:

❌: a decrease in this could cause a neuron to not pass through the NMDA receptors resulting in no LTP.

❌: if there are none of these in early LTP then there will not be any LTP at all but if the release of NMDA occurs there none to make the membrane more permeable; causing late LTP to occur slower or not at all.

❌: this would result in Na+ not flowing through the cell therefore no LTP would be initiated. Mg2+ would possibly block the NMDA receptor and no late LTP would occur.

❌: this would cause for more Na+ to flow in causing depolarization of the cell faster

❌: there would be no EPSP, no Mg2+ release, no LTP

The rods are used for ❌ light and ❌ sensitivity.

The cones are used for ❌ light and ❌ sensitivity.

Pathway of light from eye to brain.
❌ -> ❌ -> ❌ -> ❌ -> ❌ -> ❌ -> ❌ -> ❌ -> ❌

Label the pathway from the outer to inner ear.

❌ -> ❌ -> ❌ -> ❌ -> ❌ -> ❌ -> ❌

Top tube: ❌: connects to the oval window

Middle tube: ❌: holds organ of corti - hair cells that change waves to electric signals - sits on basilar membrane and covered by tectorial membrane

Bottom tube: ❌: connects to round window

Stereocilia is stuck in the ❌ and allows for tugging when sound waves pass through. The organ of corti sits on the ❌.

Fill in the blanks for the pathway of sound from the cochlea to the brain.

❌ -> ❌ -> ❌ -> ❌ -> ❌ -> ❌ -> ❌s -> ❌.

❌ is based on frequency.
High pitch: ❌
Low pitch: ❌
❌ is based on intensity
Increased ❌ of waves: louder sounds

Explain the way in which odor molecules start an AP in sensory neurons.

❌ on the cilia -> ❌ -> ❌ -> ❌ -> ❌ -> ❌ -> ❌

Trace the path of olfaction signals from the nose to brain

❌ -> ❌ -> ❌ -> ❌ -> ❌ -> ❌ -> ❌ -> ❌ -> ❌ -> ❌ -> ❌ -> ❌

Match the NT to its tastant:

T1R1: ❌
T1R2: ❌
T1R3: ❌
T2: ❌
ENaC: ❌
PKD2L: ❌

❌: binds G protein -> increase IP3 Ca2+ -> open TRP channels -> depol.

❌: enters through membrane Na+ channels -> depol.

Fill in the blanks for the path of taste bud to brain:

❌ -> ❌ -> ❌ -> ❌ -> ❌ -> ❌

Fill in the blanks to show the path of sensory information from mechanoreceptors to S1 using the MLP:
❌ -> ❌ -> ❌ -> ❌ (where it crosses over) -> ❌ -> ❌ -> ❌ (parietal lobe)

Fill in the blank for the sensory information for nociceptors to S1 using the spinothalamic tract.
-❌ -> ❌ -> ❌

❌: myelinated, fast conduction, skin pressure/touch vibration
❌: myelinated, sharp pain, cool/cold info
❌: unmyelinated, slow conduction, pain, warm/hot information

Match each mechano-receptor with the sensory information they detect:
❌: mostly in fingertips, feel touch
❌: respond to low freq. vibrations, brushing across skin, slippage of objects in hands
❌: poor spatial resolution, respond to high freq. vibration, use of tools

How do endogeous opiods block incoming nociceptor signals in order to reduce the perception of pain?

They all bind to opiod ligand -> release inhibitory ❌ on nociceptor neuron terminals in spinal cord and either block ❌ channels or open ❌ channels.

Match each NT to its interneuron.

Mu: ❌
Delta: ❌
Kappa: ❌

Match each term with their definition:
- ❌: plasma membrane
- ❌: smooth ER; stores Ca2+ has voltage gated channels
- ❌: thing filaments, myosin attaches, think filaments binding site for actin and ATP.

Fill in the blanks with the pathway for motor movement from the brain to the muscle:

❌ -> ❌ -> ❌ -> ❌ -> ❌

What Neurotransmitter is used for signaling?
- Sympathetic: ❌
- Parasympathetic: ❌